Biology Digest Essays - Medicine, Tick-borne Diseases,

Biology Digest Mysterious Fevers Admitted to a hospital for a 103.5 fever, Doctors weren't quite sure what Bob Ervins illness was. A routine diagnosis only reveled discomfort after eating and low levels of all three types of cells. Also his liver enzymes showed signs of anema. With this information, Doctors came up with the diagnosis of cholecystitis, otherwise known as inflamed gall bladder. However Surgeon Audrey Nevins felt that low levels of all three cells wasn't usually associated with the gall bladder. But, after questioning Ervins, Nevins learned ticks, while traveling through Colorado and Indiana, had bitten him. After some testing for diseases carried by ticks (RMSF, Babesiosis, Tubremia, Lyme Disease) Ervins blood was confirmed to have the presence of Ehrlichia Chaffeensis, which is from a lonestar tick infected with that bacterium. Bibliography Biology Digest Volume 26 Issue 4 December 1999 99/00 ? 1098 Science Essays

The place of Quebec is at the heart of the debate on constit essays

The place of Quebec is at the heart of the debate on constit essays The confederation settlement in Canada was proclaimed in 1867 and for the next 100 years Quebec was politically quiet, showing no signs of agitation toward the constitutional guidelines. During this period Quebec nationalism remained very defensive in character, with the primary effort of Quebec politicians being, to protect the constitutional framework, rather campaigning for reform. With the onset of the quiet revolution in the early 1960s, for which Quebec began to progress in many ways, economically, politically and becoming one of the most secular provinces in Canada. The Quebec government began to push for reform in the constitution, pushing for its recognition as a distinct society, due to the vast francophone majority in the province. Further manifestations maintained that Quebec should become a sovereign state in control of its own politics, these proposals went to attempts at referendum in the constitution act in 1982, the Meech lake Accord in 1987 and the Charlottetown A ccord in 1991-92, all of which will be discussed later. This move for reform of the system was intensified with the emergence of other sources of political discontent, such as the Aboriginal peoples, lack of representation in the House of Commons for the economically prosperous west, and new social movements such as Feminism and environmentalism . The Canadian system seems in need of reform but is the province of Quebec the only real or major source of discontent? Quebec has been a major source of political debate in Canada since the beginning of the 1960s as their quiet revolution began. The quiet revolution was a period of great change for the Quebecois, the most important probably being those of secularisation and as the economy and society in Quebec went through this period of change it no longer became a disadvantage to be of French mother tongue. As French became the language of teaching and of business in Quebec, an increase in nationa...

Annotation from Emma essays

Annotation from Emma essays This passage from Emma initiates the conclusion to the novel. As the conversation between Mr. Knightly and Emma unfolds both misinterpret the intentions of the other. Mr. Knightly believes that Emma grieves over the loss of Frank Churchill while Emma fears that Mr. Knightly intends to express his attachment to Harriet. These false assumptions reinforce one of the major themes of the novel: the obstacles of open expression. Seldom, very seldom does complete truth belong to any human disclosure; seldom can it happen that something is not a little disguised, or a little mistaken; but where, as in this case, though the conduct is mistaken, the feelings are not, it may not be very material. In support to this quotation, when they finally remove the restraints of their feared assumptions all becomes clear and they finally express their true feelings for each other. Mr. Knightly finds great difficultly in expressing his feelings though; ironically he finds himself with a lack of words. T he declaration of love shared between Mr. Knightly and Emma also helps to tie up most loose ends; however, it foreshadows an obstacle with regards to Harriet. This match further confirms Emmas failure at matchmaking having been so happily matched herself while also impending that the news of Emmas engagement to Mr. Knightly will crush Harriet. It is at this point bitter-sweet emotions arise. While Emma is overcome with happiness in her match, she also feels guilt for Harriet and for the uncertainty which lays ahead for Harriet. ...

Whats the Deal with Improving Paragraphs SAT Writing Section Guide and Advice

What's the Deal with Improving Paragraphs SAT Writing Section Guide and Advice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re not familiar with the design of these questions on every SAT, you should be. Here’s the scoop on Improving Paragraphs (and, bonus, a quick and dirty guide to acing the SAT Essay)! In this post,we’ll look at what these questions are designed to test, why those skills are important, and, of course, how to easily take the questionsapart on test day. The Problem Education in the U.S. has changed a lot since the SAT’s inception in 1926, and so must the test. The skill of writing is a great example of how they’ve had to do that. Before 2005, the SAT didn’t have any way to measure students’ ability to read or write more than a sentence at a time. Many college officials and instructors understandably felt that this was not an ideal way to test college preparedness- most college freshmen are expected to write multiple 5-8 page papers in the first semester. But writing is a complicated process- how to break it down into small, multiple-choice-type questions? One of the ways the College Board came up with was Improving Paragraphs. The Solution Since 2005, one Writing section in each SAT has ended with a question type called Improving Paragraphs. It shows you what it calls â€Å"an early draft of an essay.† It consists of 2-4 paragraphs in which each sentence is numbered. The questions ask you to identify mistakes or make improvements to the paragraphs. Here’s an example of a question and the sentence it asks about: (6) Although zoologists do not believe that increasing numbers of raptors pose any threat to humans in urban areas, they feel it is important to maintain ongoing surveillance of the main ones where nests are most common. In context, which would best replace the word â€Å"ones† in sentence 6? (A) raptors (B) objects (C) experiments (D) urban areas (E) hypotheses The Breakdown At PrepScholar, our years of experience teaching at both the high school and college levels makes the purpose of the above question, and others like it, quite clear. In this post, we’re going to share that clarity with you. We’ll go through some common question types and explain what they're really testing. The Transition Question It asks†¦ ...which of five sentences would be best to put between two sentences (at the beginning of a paragraph). It’s really testing†¦ ...whether you know how to use transitions. Between two paragraphs, either at the end of the first or the beginning of the second, something- usually a whole sentence- should connect the main ideas of the two paragraphs to each other. Wrong answers on the SAT will mention the main idea of only one, or neither, of the paragraphs concerned. It addresses the problem†¦ ...that many students just don’t use transitions in their writing, accidentally taking the reader on a confusing, bumpy ride. But the SAT can’t ask â€Å"does this need a transition?† because there would only be 2 answers: yes and no. They also can’t ask you to write a transition yourself, since someone would then have to read it. The only option is to give you one appropriate transition and four much less appropriate sentences, and make you find the right one. The Addition Question It asks... ...which of five sentences would be best to insert into the essay at a certain point. It’s really testing†¦ ...whether you understand how to organize an essay. It addresses the problem†¦ ...that students sometimes skip linking information in their thought processes. The first sentence says something about a movie star being courageous. The one after it in the passage, which would go after the sentence we choose as the answer to this question, mentions an outcome that applies to both the movie star and the narrator. The correct answer is a direct comparison between the two- without it, the paragraph is a bit weird, but not confusing. These are difficult because they’re subtle, but the idea is the same as #30: which sentence best connects the sentences that go before and after it? The Wording Question It asks†¦ ...which of five words or phrases would be best to replace another word. It’s really testing†¦ ...whether you know how to be specific. It addresses the problem†¦ ...that students are often (read: almost always) far too vague in their writing, both in high school and college, because it’s easier to be vague. The essay is where the SAT tries to test this the most stringently, but they kind of take a stab at it here, too. Because the SAT has to come up with five answers, the words (or phrases) in these kinds of questions are usually extremely vague, like â€Å"things,† â€Å"ideas,† or â€Å"groups.† Then you have to figure out, based on context, what that vague word or phrase means more specifically. The answers, for example, might be similar nouns with different adjectives attached to them, and you have to decide which adjective would fit best with the surrounding sentences. The Main Idea Question It asks... ...about the purpose of a paragraph. It’s really testing†¦ ...whether you understand the meaning in context of some chunk of writing. It addresses the problem†¦ ...that many students don’t read deeply enough to understand how an author’s use of an example or story fits into his or her overall point. Most academic texts don’t start with a main idea like, â€Å"Cities have too much sprawl; it should be reduced.† Instead, they say something like â€Å"The strip malls designed to serve residents of new housing developments in many suburbs are not suitable replacements for historic districts or unique, local culture.† It could be argued that the first statement is clearer and thus better, but many of the works you’ll read in college will be even less clear than the second statement above, so the SAT tries to test your ability to see through the nonsense to the author’s point. The PhrasingQuestion It asks... ...you to revise half of a sentence. It’s really testing†¦ ...whether you know how to be concise. It addresses the problem†¦ ...that students use more words than they need to in communicating their points. Most of the revision questions in Improving Paragraphs are about conciseness; that’s why it’s called Improving Paragraphs and not Fixing Errors That Happen to Be in Paragraphs. Sometimes, however, they test appropriateness in context- for example, if two sentences contrast, the second needs to start with a word or phrase that indicates that contrast, e.g. â€Å"However,† â€Å"On the other hand,† or â€Å"Others believe that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Deletion Question It asks... ...which sentence should be deleted. It’s really testing†¦ ...whether you can eliminate irrelevant information. It addresses the problem†¦ ...of fluff, i.e. filler writing that doesn’t help develop the point of the essay. Students at both the high school and college levels tend to include irrelevant details in their writing. Nobody knows what leads to this mysterious phenomenon, but enough of it can make an essay sound like nonsense. The question is, which sentence has the least to do with the essay as a whole? (If the sentence is related to the essay, but a different part than where it is, they’ll usually ask you to move it rather than delete it.) Bonus Time: Improving Paragraphs is Useful for the Essay Too And here’s your prize for reading all the way to the end! The underlined phrases above (and below) comprise a concise set of guidelines for the SAT essay (and, really, most essays). Use transitions: the joints between paragraphs are the places readers read first. Make sure you move smoothly from one idea to the next. Organize: keep like ideas together and don’t repeat yourself. Be specific: as much as possible, use concrete names, places, and dates; instead of ‘great’ or ‘terrible,’ use specific adjectives like ‘progressive’ or ‘destructive.’ Use examples and stories: rather than hypothetical, â€Å"what-if† scenarios, you can invent situations and events to illustrate your point, so do it! Be concise: cut the fluff, it doesn’t add to your essay, and the readers see it as repetition, which hurts your score. Avoid irrelevant information: this is also tied to organization; give only examples that really drive home your point, not things that ‘kind of’ show what you mean. Other Posts You Might Like: What is a good SAT score? A bad SAT score? SAT Writing Guide Part II: Essays SAT Writing Guide Part III: Improving Sentences

B2B Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

B2B Marketing - Essay Example Thus, B2B marketing precedes what might later lead to a consumer packaged-goods marketing. These then constitutes the most fundamental differences between the two types of marketing. However, as far as the business conducting the marketing is concerned, the purpose of both is similar in that both are usually designed to support the company’s sales strategy. More such differences can be highlighted when we consider the nature of the markets, the buying processes, relationships between the buyer and seller, the marketing environment, and the overall marketing strategy. Although much of the theories principles of marketing are similar, the two contexts differ in which the theories and principles are applied. In B2B, the important characteristics to be acquainted with are business buying behaviour rather than consumer buying behaviour. Moreover, the need in B2B is to deliver a ‘value proposition’ considering the goals of the other business. Consumers or households usually only have simple such ‘goals’, but for a business, purchasing takes on a more structured and strategic objective. Therefore, extra components must be considered in B2B such as how businesses evaluate ‘value propositions’ and suppliers, employ business purchasing decision processes, assess environmental variables, and so on. Some consumers for packaged goods may exhibit a degree of similar technicality but on the whole consumer behaviour is very much different from analytical business behaviour. Besides, depending on the packaged good, consumers are unlikely to be buying the same product repeatedly or in bulk. In addition, there is a greater possibility that in B2B marketing, the two businesses could be collaborating or even have a strategic alliance. This also makes the negotiation process more personal. The other business might have specific technical or design needs, which it would seek to acquire through a close relationship with its

If it is not cold war Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

If it is not cold war - Assignment Example The US, hence, should assume an aloof position that casts her as a non-partisan party to the crisis. Harman, however, argues that the involvement of the US in the crisis is inevitable. This occurs given the attention Putin is garnering in the world. Putin’s actions could contribute towards an ideological shift that would transform world politics. Harman highlights the fact that the crisis is ideologically linked to the Ukrainian revolution. By playing partisan world politics, the US could create a crisis in the formerly stable country. Fiona Hill gives a historical account of world politics in analyzing the scenario. She highlights Russia as the core of communism that dominated the Stalin government. On the other end, the US is a capitalistic outfit that has long argued for liberal markets. When Putin gains control of Ukraine, he may attain the leeway to impose a new socio-economic order that is aligned to authoritarianism and central management of governments. Russia, in this case, is making a deliberate move of inviting the world’s attention to her

Business and Academic Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business and Academic Skills - Essay Example The person working as the Sales Manager in a company is required to have knowledge and skill in application of numerical sets for it helps the manager to forecast the future sales conditions depending on the existing sales situation. The sales manager in turn is required to broadly quantify the different anticipations for the sales in relation to different categories. The customer relationship manager is required to keep large databases of different types of consumers relating to different regions and sectors. Thus effective database management in regards to the purchase behaviour of the consumers along with the different offers set from time to time constitutes an important activity of the customer relationship manager. ... Teamwork also helps the sales manager in gaining effective feedback through which sales strategies can be modified. The customer relationship manager is required to work effectively in a team consisting of the marketing manager and also of the operations manager. Teamwork taught in the business management course helps in maintaining effective coordination between the different departments to achieve the business objective. Self-management The Business Analyst working in an analytical environment needs to manage his own skills by rightly updating them to help find potential business solutions. The skill sets can be better enhanced through enhancing one’s knowledge parameters based on different software that has been developed relating to statistical and mathematical model formulation. Self-management is highly required for a sales manager in regards to encouraging and providing enthusiasm to the workers and sales officers to perform well in a particular territory. Self discipli ne of the sales manager can only help in streamlining and synchronizing the sales operations of the officers working in the different territories. The customer relationship manager is required to manage own set of responsibilities to help satisfy and sustain the different consumer groups for the concern. Thus self-management on our part in meeting established responsibilities is highly required for being a customer relationship manager. Business & Customer Awareness In regards to the parameter for business and customer awareness the person working in a Business Analyst profile is required to understand the analytical requirements from both the market and business perspective and thereby render adequate analysis. Moreover the Business Analyst

Communication psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Communication psychology - Essay Example Adequate advertising and promotional activities are the key marketing strategies that increase the brand awareness of every individual product of an organization. Advertising is a tool of marketing communication that used to persuade, encourage and manipulate the Audiences to take some new purchasing decisions. Moreover, the purpose of advertising is to reassure the shareholders or employees that an organization is successful or viable enough (Silvera 2004). The desired result of advertising is to drive the consumer buying behaviour with respect to commercial offering. Commercial advertiser habitually seek to produce increased consumption of their goods and services through branding that involves relating a product logo or product name with certain qualities in the minds of Audiences. Non-profit organizations may depend on the form of persuasion, such as PSA. The non-commercial advertisers who spend capitals to promote their products and services other than consumer goods or services include interest groups, governmental agencies, political parties and religious organizations (Silvera 2004). There are various techniques used in creating an effective advertisement for a product in the market. Advertising is most evident on TV, radio, the internet, newspapers, magazines and many other places. Advertising targets specific people or an Audience in specific places like the billboards, the subway, buses, emails, mailings and in store announcements. Some products also act like advertisements themselves like T-shirts, video games, products in movies, vending machines just to mention a few. The advert aims are to reassure customers who have already purchased the product for its continuous production; customer loyalty, get the attention of non-users to start using, to create an image for a product in the market and finally to persuade the customer to purchase the product (Silvera 2004). Transfer of knowledge and

Reflection on assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflection on 1 - Assignment Example And so it will be for our case study scenario. Knowledge management is generally a form of implementation expertise-centered management that focuses upon working with human expertise so as to achieve the strategized business advantages, Broadbent, M. (1988). An illustrative diagram of the knowledge management protocols that should be implemented in any organization for effectiveness in information sharing and better communication between organizations’ managers and other staffs members of the organization is shown below. As shown in the above diagram, the cycle of knowledge management system is continuous; capturing management of information flows, capturing of organizational learning exercises, leveraging the organizational knowledge base and working on sustainable business value of the organization at large, Boynton, A. (1996). ... ch team member of the working force with general/ whole experiences of the organization/ company, organized in the provided knowledge management system to enable for quicker, consistent and confidentiality in the handling of the organizations’ operational and managerial tasks. This therefore means that knowledge management helps to avoid reworks which are known to the managements as costly and common in situations of limited or no knowledge managerial skills. ii. Basing on the work as the main focus, knowledge management has demonstrated the benefits such as increased contact resolutions; decreased rates of escalations; advanced speed/ rates of performing tasks in terms of time utility; and finally, handling of the significant growths in clients related services and their satisfaction without any corresponding increase in the numbers of workers in that relation. iii. Considering situations where a client may wish to reach the management, effective knowledge management are most ly applicable to enable self-service all channels of choice as may be required by most clients. This practice allows clients to frequently get back to using an organization’s products or services, and consequently giving room for the organization’s workforce to highly concentrate on the high-value matters that require recommendable expertise. Case Analysis Organizations with well stipulated knowledge management systems in place have the characteristics of learning their own organizations with well structured and managed information flows and the general organizational behaviors in the areas of leadership, culture, managing people as assets, and both structures and processes. Having discussed the difficulties experienced in our case scenario, the importance of accessibility to and improved

My Favorite Manager Essay Example for Free

My Favorite Manager Essay I worked in Strategic Centre, Consumer support services and global solution centre. I was hired as an front line operative and got promoted to Tech Lead role over time. When I was a trainer, my manager was Navin Kumar. Before working at HP, I used to work with Convergys. I was a front end operative at each of the other jobs before HP. Navin Kumar was my favorite because he had a relaxed mentality to the job but held accountability for actions. He allowed me and the other Trainers to have a say when running the Training module. He had the final say on all ideas but was open for input to improve the function of the Trainers efficiency. He was very personable and did not have the typical manager attitude. If I did my work when he wanted it completed and it was up to his level of quality his relationship was more similar to that of friends than a manager. If you failed to meet his expectations then he came down on me with a very strong force. He was not a typical manager in that sense. He set lofty expectations because he wanted me to succeed at a high level instead of setting low goals and just settling for an easy way out. He would set weekly goals and would reward the highest trainer efficiency scores that was internally maintained by HP Training team. This was motivation to test training methods and try to beat out my co-workers. He also had a level of respect for each of his employees that I never received at one of my other jobs. At HP everyone had the same level of expectations and if you did not meet them, Navin would work with that person to build up their quality of work or they would be mentored more rigorously with a clear performance improvement plan for not meeting expectations. I respected him more for being open to criticism. He would allow his trainers and senior trainers to critique him and help him improve his work quality. If I could work for Navin Kumar again I would immediately

Life and Work of Frank Gehry

Life and Work of Frank Gehry Many of Frank Gehrys early works reflect a refined manipulation of shapes and structures, whereby many of his buildings present distorted shapes or apparent structures. From the Guggenheim museum to the Walt Disney concert hall, Frank Gehrys architecture is close to none. He cleverly plays with shapes and geometries. In this essay, I shall start with a brief analysis of Gehrys house and the influences in the design of the house. I shall then analyze the extent to which Frank Lloyd Wright has inspired and influenced Gehry in the design of his house through a comparison with Frank Lloyd Wrights Jacobs house. Gehry draws his inspiration from famous paintings such as the Madonna and Child which he qualifies as a strategy for architecture (Friedman M., 2003, p. 42) and which he used as an inspiration for a project in Mexico. Through his interpretation of the paintings and artwork, Gehry looked for a new kind of architecture. His search for a new type of architecture culminated in 1978 with his own house in Santa Monica. What was once a traditional Californian house would be redesigned to become one of the most important and revolutionary designs of the 20th century, giving Gehry international prestige and fame. Frank Gehrys Own House uses a mixture of corrugated metal, plywood, chain link and asphalt to construct a new envelope for an existing typical Californian house. This house has been inspired by Joseph Cornell, Ed Moses and Bob Rauschenberg. Gehry comments on his house by saying that there was something magical (Friedman M., 2003, p. 54) about it. He admits having followed the end of his [my] nose (Friedman M., 2003, p. 54) when it came to constructing the new house, which led Arthur Drexler, former Director from the Department of Architecture and Design at the museum of Modern Art in New York, to actually describe the house as a joke. (Friedman M., 2003, p. 54) Through his work, Frank Gehry can be considered as an artist rather than an architect. His own house is one of the best works of art he has ever produced. In many of Gehrys early works such as the Danziger building, we learn about his worry of the translation of ideas through the many people involved in the process of making a bulding (Friedman M., 2003, p. 44), which according to him drain the strength and power out of an idea (Friedman M., 2003, p. 44); but in his Own House however, he proves us that his worry only makes his ideas and designs more powerful. He makes use of large openings, peculiar wall cladding or large lighted rooms as well as visible structure frames to reflect the postmodern style o f the house as well as to convey his wish to bring architecture to its roots, to its bare beauty. What Gehry loves about architecture and what is reflected in the style of his Own House is the humanity of it (Friedman M., 2003, p. 42). The barricading of the old house reminds us of artists such as Christo and Jeanne Claude with the Rheimstag wrapping while the angled protrusions and cuts through the old house shows Gordon Matta Clarks influence in the style of the Own House. Gehry says in an interview that his desire to use metal as a primary construction material came with Donna ONeills hay barn, for which he used metal because he could now make a very tough sculptural shape (Friedman M., 2003, p. 45), making the building fit the site hence creating a sculptural identity (Friedman M., 2003, p. 45). Just like for the titanium-clad faà §ade of the Guggenheim museum, Gehry makes use of metal cladding for his Own House. He builds walls around the old house using corrugated sheets of metal and chain link. Gehry justifies his use of chain link by saying: The chain link for me was about denial. There was so much denial about it. I couldnt believe it. (Friedman M., 2003, p. 47) He explains how modern domestic design for him is all about challenging the culture, using cheap, recycled materials and transforming them into a work of art. (Friedman, 2003) The use of metal to create new shapes for buildings, such as for the California Aerospace Museum, Los Angeles, 1984 or the University of Toledo Center for the Visual Arts, 1992 prove how Gehrys vision was beyond that of architects of his time. He admits that A number of artist friends have influenced (Friedman M., 2003, p. 43) his work and that architecture is reflected in a painting: the materials used, the texture applied or the theme o f the painting but he also expresses a great admiration for the works of his modern predecessors such as Frank Lloyd Wright or Le Corbusier. As mentioned before, Gehry was inspired by many modern architects, namely Frank Lloyd Wright. Gehry is referred to as a postmodern architect, applying modernism of the 20th century to his buildings all while challenging the conventions of that time. Frank Lloyd Wright is certainly a pioneer of modernism. To him we owe the idea of organic architecture, buildings on L, X, or T shaped grounds. Wright once said: To thus make of a human dwelling-place a complete work of artà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this is the tall modern American opportunity in Architecture. (Humphries, 1970, p. 25) We notice how his vision of architecture resembles that of Gehry, with the reference to art. Nevertheless, the planning of Wrights houses with his idea of form following function contrasts with Gehrys idea of free plan. Still, the idea of using cheap materials for the Gehry house is a dà ©jà   vu of Wrights wish to cure this defect with houses that were simpler and more economical to build, that combined living and di ning areas into one and separated them from a bedroom zone, and that finally turned the blocky walls into windows on nature (Maddex, 2000, p. 80) basically, Wrights Usonian project. Wright wanted to build small, single storey, flat-roofed affordable houses which would make the garden as a main part of the house and create a new type of dwelling and lifestyle for the Americans. He wanted to make housing more affordable and energy efficient. The Usonian project is a development that started with Wrights transformation of the symmetrical, cruciform and pinwheel Prairie House plan into the courtyard plan. (Carter, 2001, p. 250)Hence, Wright saw the Usonian Houses as asymmetrical quadrants of the bigger symmetrical Prairie Houses. (Carter, 2001, p. 249) Perhaps one of the most famous Usonian houses by Wright is the Jacobs house, presenting an L shape plan as well as the idea of pleasant geometry, hence the very rectangular and strict edges of the house. Wrights plans of the first Jacobs house reveal adequately his vision of the Usonian houses. Hence, from his plans, we see how the garden is the geometric centre of the plan and the focus of the spatial arrangement. The idea behind the layout of the spaces in Gehrys house reflects that of Wright in Jacobs house. Hence, in the Jacobs house, the two wings of the house are well planned so as to differentiate between the public and private areas of the house. There are two entrances into the house; one leading to the private quarters, the bedrooms, and the other one to the living room and dining area on which the kitchen opens. The dining area is used as a transition between the private and public areas of the Jacobs house. To further differentiate between the nature of the different spac es, Wright uses brick wall cladding within the living room and the entrance to indicate the public nature of these spaces. We can also ask ourselves whether Wright has not influenced Gehry in the addition of the many windows and openings in his Own house. Wrights idea of architectural purism and organic architecture preach a relationship between agriculture and architecture: The American landscape was for Wright unique and in need of integration into American daily domestic life (Carter, 2001) We note how Wright makes the garden the most important space in the house. When we look at the Jacobs house from the street, the view is not inspiring; we do not feel the warmth of the house. The street view offers a dull empty front yard with no indication of how to enter the house except from the carport. If we compare this to the garden view, we immediately feel as if we are in the house. The garden view provides floor to ceiling windows, Jacobs house street view p.254 (Carter, 2001) which enable us to see the on goings of the inhabitants inside the house. Similarly, the house becomes a mere object in the landscape. We instantly understand that Wright wants to pull our focus towards the most important member of the house, the garden. We observe how by adding new walls to the existing building, Gehry incorporates the surroundings into the house, creating a new space to contain the public/service areas of the house. Other than the relationship between the house and its surroundings, Gehry has also applied Wrights Beaux arts planning with the idea of the raised floor level as well as the hierarchy of the spaces. Hence, in the Jacobs house, Wright has created a certain hierarchy of spaces with a geometric module governing horizontal and vertical spaces (Maddex, 2000, p. 82). A large open area is dedicated to the living room and the kitchen. As we enter the Jacobs house, we are oriented towards the garden by the glass doors. Similarly, the dining room is projected (Carter, 2001, p. 254) into the garden by horizontal wood walls with high windows which allow people standing in the kitchen to see into the garden. The public areas are all oriented towards the garden, creating an open space as we walk into the house. The master bedroom is clearly set apart by the bending corridor which leads to the private areas of the house. In Gehrys Own house, he uses the same principle, with the entrance leading dir ectly onto the living area which is raised above ground level. The public areas namely the kitchen, dining room and living room are all located on the right while the bedrooms are on the left, well secluded by walls. We highlight how the dining room and the kitchen are both located on the lower level, again creating this idea of hierarchy planning of spaces. We also point out Frank Lloyd Wrights idea of interlocking forms and symmetry that is reflected in Gehry house design. The Jacobs house presents itself in an L shape, which if we think of it, is barely the interlocking of two rectangles at 90 °. All the spaces in the Jacobs house are also connected at right angles. This same scheme of interlocking forms is clearly visible in the Gehry house with the notable glass cube that hangs on top of the kitchen acting as a strong source of natural light which again puts a lot of emphasis on Wrights notion of organic Gehrys Own house, kitchen view,  design, using the maximum amount of n atural resources from the surroundings for use in the house. As mentioned above, Gehry states that his choice of materials only results from their workability (for metal) or their personal significance (for chain link) but we can question that and ask ourselves how far was the choice of materials for his own house influenced by Frank Lloyd Wrights idea that from standardized materials, economy (Maddex, 2000, p. 82). Wright once said: The sense of interior space as a reality in organic architecture co-ordinates with the enlarged means of modern materials (Humphries, 1970, p. 124). For Wright, the materials used had a connection to earth. In the Jacobs house, Wright made use of a lot of wood and glass to create a comfy and warm atmosphere as well as a connection with the surroundings. He used modern materials which he believed could evoke the idea of empathy through his buildings. The low proportions of the Jacobs house oriented the house horizontally rather than vertically and Wright saw the horizontal line as the true earth line of human life, indicative of freedom. (Carter, 2001, p. 255). To him, the horizontal planes of the house helped convey the idea of empathy. Hence the planes parallel to the earth in buildings identify themselves with the ground, do most to make the buildings belong to the ground and represent the true foundation for life within the house. (Carter, 2001, p. 255) Wrights notion of modernism has with no doubt pushed Gehry towards creating a new kind of architecture. When we compare how both architects interpret modern architecture, we understand fairly easily how much of an influence Frank Lloyd Wright has had on Gehry. Wright said: In organic architecture the hard straight line breaks to the dotted line where stark necessity ends and thus allows appropriate rhythm to enter in order to leave suggestion its proper values. This is modern. (Humphries, 1970, p. 125) When we read this quote, we find that it fairly relates to Gehrys idea of deconstructivism in his own house, whereby there is a fragmentation in the design of the house. Frank Gehry has a different approach to modern domestic design. Wright wanted modern human dwellings to have earth as a great human good and make the garden be the building as much as the building will be the garden Both Wright and Gehry have been influenced by the Japanese culture. The construction of the Jacobs hous e is said to be related to the traditional Japanese house and the four primal elements that Gottfried Semper identified in 1852: earthwork, hearth, framework and roof and a screen-like infill wall. Wright combined the first two elements (earthwork and hearth) by passing pipes into the concrete flooring that would carry steam or hot water so that the floor would become a source of heat. The heating of the Jacobs house coincided with Wrights wish to use natural lighting; hence the south facing glass doors provided the house with heat during winter. This made the Usonian houses extremely energy efficient long before this was an issue for other architects (Carter, 2001, p. 255) Having compared Wrights Jacobs house to Gehrys own house, we can justly say that Gehry was influenced by art. So much that we can refer to him as an artist rather than an architect. His interest in paintings and sculptures has given him the opportunity to design buildings that would change the course of architecture for the future years to come. Gehry has also applied some of Frank Lloyd Wrights principles to his designs. The extent to which this influence can be measured is unsure but a parallel comparison between the Jacobs house and Gehrys own house has allowed us to conclude that Wrights principals of Beaux arts planning, interlocking forms, organic architecture and symmetry can be found in Gehrys own house. Frank Gehry has taken the principles of modern architecture from his predecessors and applied it to his designs with his own twist of magic. He uses Wrights concepts and ideas to create new design conventions for himself. Through his designs, Gehry wishes to challenge the ord inary. He is said to have founded the new wave of Californian architects. Frank Lloyd Wright, on the other hand is considered as one of the founders of modern architecture but what is certain is that they have both had a tremendous influence on the world of architecture today.

Appalachia Culture Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people have different views on what Appalachia is, I grew up thinking that Appalachia meant people were dirty, poor, illiterate, inbreed and we also called them mountain people. As I grew up I realized that most of the things they went through and had a hard time with, I was dealing with the same problems. So what exactly is Appalachia? Well you will find out as you read on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Appalachia is no longer the land of severe poverty that it was three decades ago, now the poverty rate of one in 15 is close to the national average. The number of adults who have received a high school diploma has also jumped from one out of three to two out of three; and the infant death rate has been cut in half. Comparing the 391 counties in the Appalachian Regional Commission with counties outside the region that were similar to Appalachian counties in the 1960s, researchers found that Appalachian counties grew significantly faster than their counterparts. Specifically, overall income in Appalachia grew 48 percent faster; per capita income grew 17 percent faster; and population grew five percent faster.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Appalachian mountaineers have been discovered and forgotten many times. Their primitive agriculture disrupted by foragers and incessant guerrilla warfare, thousands of them straggled out of the mountains in search of food and shelter. Their plight was brought to the attention of President Lincoln, who promised that after the war a way would be found to aid the poor mountain people whom the world had bypassed and forgotten for so long. The war ended, President Lincoln was assassinated, and so therefore Appalachia was forgotten. Appalachian people are considered a separate culture, made up of many unique backgrounds - Native Americans, Irish, English and Scotch, and then a third immigration of Germans and Poles - all blended together across the region. The mountains also figure into the uniqueness of Appalachia. The mountains kept Appalachia isolated from the rest of the country and from other people's involvement in their lives that they developed a distinctive culture. (arministry.org) The life in the wilderness and the continuing isolation of Appalachian people has made us different from most other Americans. The Appalachian value system that influences attitudes and behavior is diff... ...the only major geologic event in the history of the Appalachians. Several glaciers have covered parts of the Northern Appalachians over the last three million years. (Appalachian tales) The mountains have been there ever since and that is how they were formed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So what is Appalachia? Appalachia is no different from any other person in this world. The people had to struggle just as bad as some of us did, but were criticized because they lived in the mountains or away from other people. They didn’t know that once they sold their land for the oil miners that they would loose everything and eventually be run out from their own homes. They couldn’t help being poor or not being able to go to school and get the proper education like most of us got. So why do we still have these same stereotypes now as they had before? One description was that they walked barefoot and I guess I’m part of the Appalachian region because I walk outside almost everyday barefoot even though I had my thoughts about which Appalachian people were. Appalachia is part of our history that people don’t know much about or they wouldn’t have these stereotypes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

michael porter Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PORTER'S FIVE COMPETITIVE FORCESMethodology 4 Because the subject matter of strategic management is so inherently complex and because each one of us brings his own personal biases to the analysis, it was suggested early on that virtually all case material in the field be analyzed from the perspective of more than one methodology. Profit theory and industrial chains were selected as the first of a number of viable approaches to the analytical process. It would have been equally correct to select the Five Competitive Forces analysis refined by Michael Porter, one of the major figures in the field of strategic management. This methodology addresses the same issues but differs only in the language that they use to describe corporate behavior. The five forces are:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The threat of new entrants into an industry or a market served by a specific company.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bargaining power of suppliers.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bargaining power of customers.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Threat of substitute products or services.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The intensity of the rivalry among existing firms. Each of these topics is treated separately in the discussion that follows. The threat of new entrants The ease with which firms can enter into a new market or industry is a critical variable in the strategic management process. In some industries the barriers to entry are minimal. In oth... michael porter Essay -- essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PORTER'S FIVE COMPETITIVE FORCESMethodology 4 Because the subject matter of strategic management is so inherently complex and because each one of us brings his own personal biases to the analysis, it was suggested early on that virtually all case material in the field be analyzed from the perspective of more than one methodology. Profit theory and industrial chains were selected as the first of a number of viable approaches to the analytical process. It would have been equally correct to select the Five Competitive Forces analysis refined by Michael Porter, one of the major figures in the field of strategic management. This methodology addresses the same issues but differs only in the language that they use to describe corporate behavior. The five forces are:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The threat of new entrants into an industry or a market served by a specific company.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bargaining power of suppliers.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bargaining power of customers.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Threat of substitute products or services.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The intensity of the rivalry among existing firms. Each of these topics is treated separately in the discussion that follows. The threat of new entrants The ease with which firms can enter into a new market or industry is a critical variable in the strategic management process. In some industries the barriers to entry are minimal. In oth...

Racial and Ethnic Discrimination in Canada Essay

â€Å"You know the world is off tilt when the best rapper is a white guy (Eminem), the best golfer is a black guy (Tiger Woods), the tallest basketball player is Chinese (Yao Ming, 7’6†³) and Germany doesn’t want to go to war (in Iraq)†. Charles Barkley stated in a 2003 interview, pointing out various misconceptions with stereotypes. A stereotype is defined by dictionary. com as: â€Å"something conforming to a fixed or general pattern; especially: an often oversimplified or biased mental picture held to characterize the typical individual of a group†. I have commonly heard stereotypes such as the French are good cooks, Italians are great lovers, and the Irish are lazy or comments made like dumb jock, lazy Cape Bretoner, or that women are not strong!! The list could go on endlessly as there appears to be stereotypes regarding people of all races, religions, sexes and ethnic groups, etcetera. Stereotypes can be either positive or negative. Most stereotypes tend to make us feel superior in some way to the person or group being stereotyped. Stereotypes ignore the uniqueness of individuals by painting all members of a group with the same brush. Throughout the course of this paper I plan to discuss some racial and ethnic issues in Canada. Where some of these issues originated from, what we can personally do to help eliminate discrimination in the workplace and what the government is doing to try to combat such discrimination. Let me first begin by defining discrimination, racism and ethnicity since these terms are all important terms to understand before going into further discussion. To discriminate is simply defined by yourdictionary. com as: â€Å"To make distinctions on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit; show preference or prejudice. † Therefore, discrimination occurs when a person is not treated equally because of their gender, race, religion, ethnic origin, nationality, sexual orientation, or age. Yourdictionary. com defines racism as: â€Å"The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. Discrimination or prejudice based on race. † In other words, when an individual or group is treated unfairly or abused because of their skin color or racial heritage they are victims of racism. Ethnic, as defined by yourdictionary. Com is: â€Å"Of or relating to a sizable group of people sharing a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage. B. Being a member of a particular ethnic group, especially belonging to a national group by heritage or culture but residing outside its national boundaries. † With that being said, it is my belief that stereotypes and ignorance about others most often lead to discriminatory behavior both inside and outside the workplace. I have heard Canada described as a multicultural nation meaning that Canadians are not of any one cultural background, race or heritage. For all Canadians, including Aboriginal People, this multicultural diversity can be traced to an immigrant past. This does not mean that the majority of today’s Canadians are immigrants but rather that the majority of Canadians have in their past, perhaps many generations ago, a family member who migrated here from another country. That is why many of us have a mixed ancestry, for example; Irish, Scottish, Ukrainian, French and Aboriginal, and the list can go on. Canada’s Aboriginal People were the first to immigrate, and settle across the continent, tens of thousands of years before European settlers. After the European settlers came the French, followed by the English, Scots and Irish formulating Canada into the diverse country it is today. In the years before the American Civil War, thousands of black slaves escaped slavery in the United States by following the â€Å"Underground Railway† north to Canada. Then, at the turn of the century, American farmers moved northward into the Canadian prairies to develop farm lands. Although Canada originally consisted of a wide variety of immigrants, some people were not as welcome in the country as others and were therefore not treated equally. Those who were of different race, color, or religion then the majority of Canadians were labeled as â€Å"foreigners†. The use of the term â€Å"foreigner† held many connotations for example, different, strange or inferior and many at the time wanted to see the â€Å"foreigners† assimilate to fit into Canadian society. There are many events in Canada’s past that has contributed to the racism and discrimination in Canada today for example, the disregard and unfair treatment of Aboriginal Peoples by European’s who settled here. Even though a vast majority of African-Americans moved to Canada to avoid slavery, from early in the 1600’s until 1834 there was a recorded 4092 slaves throughout the country, mostly living in Quebec . The Asiatic Exclusion League, which originated in California in 1905 as an anti-Oriental movement, moved north into Vancouver in 1907. The league was the main instigator in anti-Asian riots in the city since their main goal was to have all Chinese and Japanese immigrants removed from North America out of fear that they were taking jobs away from Whites . It also appears that throughout history the acceptance of immigrants in Canada greatly depended upon the economic state of the country at that time. During the Great Depression of the 1930’s immigrants seeking jobs were unwelcome and overlooked for employment. Although the Government of Canada has made many advances in breaking the barriers that Aboriginal People, immigrants and minorities face in the country; immigrants today still face a number of problems when trying to enter the labor market, for example: ? Non-recognition of international credentials and work experience ? Lack of Canadian work experience ? Inability to communicate in English or French ?Insufficient labor market information prior to immigrating to Canada I have traveled to some of the major cities in Canada and was a little surprised by the degree of segregation that is apparent in these cities. By this, I mean that these larger cities, like Toronto and Vancouver, have communities which are almost completely independent from the rest of the country. These independent communities that I saw, of Chinese or Italian people, seemed to have everything they needed to survive within the community including their own schools. I could not help but wonder what effect this type of segregation has on the country. I respect the fact that all people are trying to protect their identity. At the same time, by choosing to live in Canada, shouldn’t they try to integrate into the country a little more while still preserving their identities? Shouldn’t they try to assimilate? How can Canada thrive as a country with so much segregation? We need to become a unified country. Not such a historical thought pattern, I guess!! It is people who have attitudes like mine that are causing problems in the country or do all people have these thoughts and choose not to admit it. I have similar negative feelings about scholarships being available only to certain people or government funding for certain people to attend university because they are a minority. I understand that differential treatment is required in order for equality to become a possibility. However, I still feel a degree of resentment about these programs being offered when I have to borrow money in an effort to obtain my university degree. Will this resentment evolve? When I hold a management position in the future, will I discriminate against a person because he or she doesn’t have a huge student loan to pay and another does? It is cases like mine that causes racism to continue in society and the workplace today? With the announcement of Nova Scotia’s plan to increase immigration into the province came an increase in the racist comments I have heard. Since I work in bars I hear, and partake in, a great deal of conversation. When people are drinking they tend to be even more likely to say things they normally wouldn’t. That is why I have heard, at times, some very racist remarks. People have said that the government should be trying to retain people in the province that are born here before they bring â€Å"foreigners† here. They need to take care of their own first!! It is because of these comments and feelings that I am doubtful that discrimination against people, because of their race or color, will ever be completely eliminated in the country. How do we achieve equality with so much differentiation? How do we check or personal opinions at the door when we go to work? Since it is impossible to eliminate racism and discrimination entirely in society, we need to do as much as possible to eliminate it in the workplace. We need to make changes similar to the changes companies have made in an effort to combat discrimination against people because of their religion. For example, adapting zero tolerance rules, providing more education for employees, human resource departments need to provide more opportunities for people of minorities, immigrants, and Aboriginal Peoples and barriers have to be removed for all these people who are trying to enter our labor market. March 21, 2005 is International Day for Elimination of Racial Discrimination a day to remember the struggles and challenges that Aboriginal peoples and people of color have endured. It is also a time to recognize and applaud the fact that members of these two communities have made anti-racism struggles a significant part of labor’s agenda. Lets’ respect this day and try to make some positive changes at home, school, or work toward eliminating racism.

Evaluating Compensation Strategies Essay

Within this business report, I have analyzed three different employee compensation strategies that I feel could be well executed within our organization. Employee compensation is key to recognizing and rewarding our employees for their performance and contributions to the overall company’s success. Because it is a signficiant factor, we need to carefully evaluate the three options in my report. Compensating our employees using the base salary approach is a well accepted strategy. This approach provides for a set salary that employees will earn based on their job coding. Factors such as merit or tenure will have no impact on someone’s base salary. This is a stable compensation strategy leveraged within similar organizations and an approach most employees feel comfortable with as it’s very cut and dry. The downside of using this approach is that there is little room for growth and salary increases and which can be de-motivating. Performance-based compensation is quite a popular and also another well accepted strategy. In this strategy, employees have direct control over how much they are paid. Having control really helps to motivate employees to work harder and achieve new financial goals and maximize their own income. Having an organization that is a high performing organization helps to make an organization more competitive. The downside of this approach is that you create a more competitive environment that may impact employee-to-employee relations. Lastly, I reviewed a longevity-based salary strategy. In this strategy, compensation is strictly based on an employee’s length of service, seniority or tenure. There are different ways this pay can be administered. Employees can get an annual bonuses based on their employment anniversary date or monthly bonus amounts added to their take-home pay that would reflect their length of service. This type of strategy encourages employees to remain loyal employees in an organization. The immediate downside to this approach is that employees aren’t motivated to achieve more or produce increased quality work since it’s more about time put in vs. quality. After reviewing the three strategies outlined above, I am recommending that we move forward and implement a performance-based compensation strategy for our employees. This strategy will create a workforce of highly motivated, performers that are excited and engaged to succeed. Employees will be excited to ramp up their income and their excitement and achievements will help support the company’s goal of increased profit. If our company has highly driven employees focused on producing quality work, the company will benefit in the short term and long term. Introduction The Human Resources department was asked to research possible compensation strategies for our manufacturing organization. I’ve created a report that shares my research and findings for three different compensation strategies: Performance-Based Compensation, Salary Compensation and Longevity Compensation. In my report, I have compared these strategies, pointing out where they are different including the pros and cons to each strategy in order to determine the best approach for the 120 total employees on our payroll. Compensation is a key factor that impacts employee satisfaction while also having a direct influence on how successful the overall organization can be. I’ve conducted thorough research on this topic so that the management team can have a more robust understanding of these three strategies and to decide on a strategy to implement. My research below will start with salary compensation which can easily be defined as a set monetary amount that an employee receives for the work that they do based on their specific job classification/coding only. I’ll follow that with performance-based compensation which pays and rewards employees based on their individual performance which allows for individual growth. Lastly I’ll provide research on longevity pay which focuses on additional pay or wage adjustments based solely on an employee’s length of service. It is crucial to understand each of these strategies and how they will impact our organization if they were to be implemented. Research Findings I’ve completed extensive research on various compensation strategies within similar types of organizations and have arrived at three specific strategies that our organization should consider adopting:  ·Salary Compensation  ·Performance-Based Compensation  ·Longevity-Based Compensation 1.Salary General salary compensation refers to an amount of money that you pay an employee for the work they do without consideration for quantity or quality of the work performed (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2013). By law, employers must compensate employees for work that is completed. If an employee is compensated by a salary, employees are compensated differently from those that may have an hourly compensation rate. Employees that are hourly employees get paid based on a rate multiplied by the number of hours that they work. When they work over and above the amount of hours for the day/week, they receive extra, additional compensation (Grace, 2012). In contrast, a salary compensated employee gets paid the same salary, a fixed amount of money and is not impacted by the amount of hours an employee works. Salaried employees are not required to keep track of the hours they are working because they do not quality for nor are they paid for any overtime. They are expected to complete their work regardless of the amount of time it takes them. Employees who are paid a salary are given the expectations that they need to complete the entire job in order to earn their compensation. This compensation differs from both hourly paid employees or performance-based paid employees. Employees are able to really count on this compensation and a consistent pay strategy is important to retaining good employees (Ojimba, 2004). Analysis – Employees that are compensated through a salaried compensation strategy have a very stable compensation to rely on. There are no real surprises or swings in the amount of money an employee receives. Compensation is not impacted by the quality of the work produced or the quantity produced. Employees would have the opportunity to budget themselves or at least have a decent time predicting what type of income they can expect since it will always be the same without much changing from year to year. This strategy may allow for employees to develop the impression and mindset that they don’t have to do more or produce increased quality work. They could take away that what they are doing today is enough and not strive to help the company with increase sales or various other goals. 2.Performance-based A performance-based strategy is become a trend in today’s organizations and leveraged as a way to incent employees to strive to increase their production or improve the quality of their work. Why would an employee want to do that? Because they are financially incented to do so! All companies need to remain competitive and control internal costs and budgets. Performance-based compensation really partners with an organization to do just that. This type of strategy is really attractive because they are friendlier to corporate budgets than other methods of compensation. Pay increase are only given out at designated times during the year so budgeting in advance is easier, etc. If production and quality goals aren’t met, money goes back into the budget for the next possible review period (Fox Lawson & Associates, n.d.). Additionally, strategy helps to provide a win-win situation for both the company and the employees when properly administered and rolled out and the structure really can help to motivate employees to work harder and that benefits them and the company both. When developing this type of strategy, reasonable goals and performance incentives would need to be developed. In today’s environment it would be wise to tie pay to performance as a way to accelerate employee output. This approach is a very common way for organizations to increase productivity and influence potentially a more competitive environment with employees always striving to do more and therefore earn more. Performance-based compensation programs also help retain top performers, better align labor costs with productivity and reinforce the company’s objectives (Richter, 2002). You attract a different level of employee with this approach. For employees to be successful and feel happy in this type of structure though they need to have a desire for more pay, have confidence they will receive more pay if they improve or increase their individual performance and trust that the organization will administer the policy and compensation plan fairly across the board. Studies have consistently shown the recognition for a job well done is the top motivator of employee performance (Dorf, 2011). Analysis – Though research it is clear that this type of approach includes many benefits both to the employee and to the organization. Creating a more motivated workforce that is focused on a goal to provide quality production benefits everyone. If our employees can see that their performance directly impacts their personal bottom line they will become more focused, work harder and constantly push their peers to meet them at that level. Job security has to be considered here too – a company with this type of approach is more streamlined and efficient creating a more competitive organization and helping to protect and preserve the company and its reputation. 3.Longevity-based Longevity-based compensation is a compensation strategy that more mirrors a type of contract where the employer will pay the employee a compensation based on their length of service or seniority. In researching this approach, many companies offer many different types of strategy around this. Each organization up front provides a document or â€Å"contract† to the employee that outlines this system specific to their organization. These types of documents include things like the dollar amount to be paid or the percentage of increase based on years of service. Information is also included on the schedule of payment so that employees really know what to expect. Employees see this type of strategy as a way of paying for their loyalty as an employee – a way of giving them their due for sticking with them (wiseGEEK, n.d.). Typically with this approach the adjustment made is often in the form of a percentage of the employee’s annual salary or rate of pay. Based on why the amount is given it becomes clear that an employer is recognizing their time and loyalty to the overall organization. The real problem with this specific approach is that you essentially are awarding someone just for being on staff or holding down their position for yet another year (Agency Management Roundtable, 2012). Analysis – I think this type of compensation program may have made sense for employees that may be â€Å"Baby Boomers† as loyalty was crucial and something employees really set out to demonstrate, but not something that is realistic in today’s environment. While rewarding employees for their â€Å" time served† there is no real focus on the quality of their work during that time nor is there any reward for their contributions or added value.

Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance and Reformation Test Humanism- Classical texts from the Greek and Roman culture lead to humanism. Humanism focused on human potential and achievements. People stopped worrying about Christian teachings. Influenced artists and architects. History, Literature, and Philosophy are humanities subjects. Secular- People became concerned with the here and now Predestination- Calling's book/doctrine; Institutes of the Christian Religion states that everyone is sinful by nature and God has known from the beginning who he will save. Council of Trend- Pope Paul Ill 4th step toward reform was to call a great council of hurt leaders to Trend.Catholic Bishops and Cardinals agreed on several doctrines: 1) Church interpretation of the bible was final anyone who substituted there ideas was a heretic 2) Christians need faith and good works for salvation 3) The Bible and church traditions were both as powerful for guidance 4)luncheons were valid expressions of faith Annul- Divorce was not al lowed however the pope could annul the mirage which meaner to find proof that the mirage was never legal in the first place Recant-to take back a statement you made about something Indulgence- you pay money for an indulgence and it will take away our sin Patron-Popes who beautified the cities by spending large amounts of money 95 thesis- Luther wrote 95 theses that he thought the church should change which lead to reformation- a movement for religious reform. His teaching had 3 main ideas: 1) People could win salvation by ONLY with faith in god, the church taught that faith and â€Å"good workers† were needed for salvation 2) All church teachings should be based on the bible.The pope and church traditions were false authorities 3) All people with faith were equal therefore people didn't need priests to interpret the bible for them Edict of Worms- King Charles declared Luther of an outlaw and heretic, no one was supposed to give him food or shelter and his books were to be bur ned. However Prince Frederick gave him shelter in a castle and people began to follow his sayings; priests wore regular clothes and called themselves misters, led service in German not Latin and some ministers married, which created a new religious group called the Lutheran instead of seeking reforms against the Catholic Church.Protestant- A Christian who is not Catholic Peace of Suburbs- German princes decided if there state would be catholic or rottenest Act of Supremacy- English act of Parliament that recognized Henry VIII as the â€Å"Supreme Head† of the Church of England not the pope Anabaptist- Believed that people shouldn't be baptized into the Christian faith as children because they were not old enough to decide if they wanted to be Christian; taught that the church and the state should be separate, and they refused to fight wars.Viewing Anabaptists as radicals who threatened society both Catholics and Protestants persecuted them Peasants Revolt-peasants were excite d by Lather's revolutionary ideas and demanded an end to serfdom. The revolt horrified Luther so Luther wrote a pamphlet urging the German Princes to show no mercy, the army crushed the revolt massacring over 100,000 people. Feeling betrayed by Luther many peasants rejected his religious leadership.However through his writings he remained influential People Igniting of Loyola- Catholic reformer, wrote the Spiritual Exercises that laid out a day by day plan of meditation, prayer, and study. The pope made Igniting a religious order called the Society of Jesus Members were called Jesuits- concentrated on 3 ideas: 1) Founded schools throughout Europe. 2) Convert non-Christians toCatholicism 2) Stop Protestantism from spreading Johann Gutenberg- Reinvented movable type and the printing press- machine that presses paper against a tray full of inked movable type created the first completed bible called the Gutenberg Bible Johann Tested- Was raising money to rebuild SST. Pewter's Cathedral in Rome, he did this by selling indulgences, he gave the impression that by buying indulgences you could buy your way to heaven Martin Luther: Against Tested for selling indulgences Wrote 95 thesis attacking â€Å"Pardon Merchants† Believed you can only win salvation through faith and forgiveness of GodExcommunicated by Pope Leo X Charles V issued the Edict of Worms declaring Luther as a heretic, but Prince Frederick sheltered him in a castle Translated the New Testament to German Lutheran were his followers John Calvin: Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion which expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature Called the few people that God chooses to save the â€Å"elect†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved-predestination Calvinist Ruled Geneva, Switzerland with theocracy (government ruled by religious leaders) Geneva was a city of high moral because of how strict he wasHenry VIII: Married to Catherine of Argon and has a dau ghter named Mary but wants a divorce so he can have a son to be the heir to the throne Pope refused to annul his marriage so he called together a session with the reformation Parliament and asked to pass a set of laws that ended the pope's power in England Act of Supremacy made the king the head of the Church of England, not the pope Closed monasteries and increased total power Anne had a daughter named Elizabeth so he imprisoned her in a tower and beheaded her 3rd wife gave him his son, Edward Erasmus:Christian humanist from Holland who wrote The Praise of Folly which made fun of greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests Believes in Christianity of the heart Wrote in Latin In order to improve society, all people should study the Bible Catherine of Argon- Married to Henry VII never had a boy so Henry wanted to annul the marriage at first the pope said no because she did not want to offend the Holy Roman Empire Charles V but later after Henry VII p ut in the Act of Supremacy- Made the English King the head of church not the pope the marriage was annulled Pope Leo X- excommunicated Luther after 95 thesis Artists: Donated- Made sculptures more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions carved the statue David Leonardo De Vinci- Artistic scientist, painted Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, A True â€Å"Renaissance Man† Raphael- Learned from Leonardo De Vinci and Michelangelo, Painted the walls of Julius II Library, Painted School of Athens, conveys the classical literature of the Renaissance and shows classical and Renaissance figures together Michelangelo- Sculpted David second, glorified the human body and explored Renaissance theme of human potential, minted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Scientific artist, true â€Å"Renaissance man† Jan Van Check- Italian Renaissance, Oil-based Paintings very realistic Writers: Machiavelli- Wrote The Prince which said a prince must be strong as a lion and shrewd as a fox, he might have to trick his enemy's and even his own people for the good of the state, he was not concerned with the morally right but with the politically effective Castigation-published The Courtier with the help of Aviators Cologne Sir Thomas Moore- Christian Humanists, he was concerned with society's flaws, wrote Utopia about an imaginary land inhabited by a peace-loving people.In Greek Utopia meaner â€Å"no place† but in English it has come to mean ideal place because of Mores book Vocal Perspective- AD art Vernacular- Native language Anglican- Anglican Church= only legal Church of England Elizabeth was head of Church Presbyterian-Followers of John Knox; he was a preacher from Scotland whom spread the teaching of John Calvin and made Calvinist Scotland official religion Catholic Reformation- Helping Catholics remain loyal to the church Questions: The Renaissance began in Italy because of thriving cities, a wealthy merchant class, and the classical heritage of Gree ce and Rome. England lagged behind because of the bubonic plague and the 100 years' war.A perfect Renaissance Man- Charming, witty, well-educated, Dance, sing, play music, write poetry, skilled rider, wrestler, swordsman, self-controlled Northern vs.. Southern Renaissance Art: Northern: Focused only on Religion; about landscapes and the lifestyles of people Southern: more secular; Greek and Roman mythologies, about gods and goddesses Catholic Reformation took steps like having the Society of Jesus, Jesuits, and the Council of Trend to address the Protestant Reformation 4 movements that made up the Reformation: . 3. 4. What changes did this bring to Europe? Of Prohibited books- Institutes of Christian Religion- Index Sarandon- Patriarch- Velasquez- What city was the center of the Renaissance? Florence, Italy What type of art was the focus of the Renaissance?Realism (sometimes using Biblical scenes) The merchant family named Renaissance. Medici was important at the beginning of the Wh o led the split away from the Catholic Church in England? Henry VIII Why did England split from the church? The King wanted a male heir so he needed to divorce his wife What country did the Protestant reformation start in? Germany (Martin Luther in Wattenberg) How was the printing press crucial to Martin Luther? He could spread his beliefs more efficiently This movement resulted from the Protestant Reformation. It was an attempt to change the Catholic Church to better meet the needs of its followers. Catholic Reformation 1 .Reasons that the Renaissance originated on the Italian peninsula include all of the following EXCEPT the peninsula's A. Geographic location B. Political organization C. Religion D. Social structure E. Economic structure 2. Which of the following is NOT a Renaissance value? A. Mastery of ancient languages B. Derogate of the arts C. Scholarly achievement D. Proficiency in the military arts E. Civic duty 3. Renaissance humanism A. Devalued mastery of ancient languag es B. Urged the development of a single talent to perfection C. Valued ancient philosophers as the final authorities on all matters D. Denied the existence of God E. Valued scholarship for its own sake and for the glory it brought the city-state 4.The belief that by cultivating the finest qualities of their beings, human beings could commune with God was a conclusion of A. Guileless B. Manipulations C. The lay piety movement D. The Catholic Church in Renaissance Italy E. The doge 5. Which of the following was NOT a factor that contributed to the Renaissance artistic achievement? A. The patronage of the pope B. The invasion of Italy by the French C. The competitive spirit of competing elites D. The apprentice system E. The lack of separation between artistic and commercial aspects of the Renaissance art world 6. Which of the following did NOT enable the spread of the Renaissance? A. The Treaty of Load B.Manila's invitation to Charles VIII to bring troops to Italy C. The printing pres s D. Students and teachers migrating in and out of the Italian peninsula E. The lay piety pavement 7. Renaissance art A. Was characterized by the severe specialization of its artists B. Was characterized by religious subject matter C. Abandoned painting in favor of sculpture D. Was characterized by its concern for the human form E. Did not require patrons 8. Northern humanism A. Was less secular than Italian humanism B. Linked scholarship and learning with religious piety C. Criticized the notion that priests were required to understand the Bible D. Contributed to the Reformation E. All of the above 1 .

Personal Effectiveness Report

Personal Effectiveness Report Executive Summary Problem Statement Poor performance of duties is a big challenge to human resource managers since it impedes the progress of the organisation. Managers suggest that poor performance is caused by professional negligence, disorganisation, lack of devotion, and laziness among others.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Personal Effectiveness Report specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, poor performance can be caused by poor allocation of duties where managers allocate roles regardless of the employee’s talents, preferences and attitudes. This implies that some employees are forced to perform duties to get money although they do not have passion for the duty Purpose The purpose of this report to give a detailed evaluation of an employee in order to choose a team that will participate in marketing. It will aim at evaluating the employee by applying various psychometric indicators which include Sel f-monitoring, Big Five Locators, Interaction Styles and Communication Test. Introduction Scenario Description Our university has introduced new courses in its curriculum according to the academic and professional needs of the surrounding society. However, the society is not aware of these new courses since they were introduced during the last academic year. In fact, this is the second intake for the courses implying that their popularity is low. This condition calls upon the marketing department to act swiftly in order to publicize the new courses to students. Nonetheless, the assistant marketing officer who is responsible for conducting the actual marketing was employed last month. The organisation has not evaluated Assem’s competence in regard to his marketing skills. We shall, therefore, conduct a personal evaluation to determine whether he is fit for marketing the new courses and realising the intended results. During marketing, he will be accompanied by two colleagues wh o include Kerry and Sarah. Kerry is the public relation officer who is in charge of maintaining a good corporate image to the outside world. He has worked in this department for four years implying that he has enough experience and sufficient history about the company. This experience makes it important for Kerry to work with Assem since marketing should be conjoined with good corporate relations. Additionally, Assem will be working with Sarah who is in charge of career development in the university.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She has worked in this institution for three years and her performance is extremely outstanding. Assem needs her assistance since the marketing of courses is related to career development (Edmonds, 2009). Overview of Psychometric Indicators During this evaluation, Assem was evaluated using four psychometric indicators which include Self -monitoring, Big Five Locator, Interaction Styles and Communication test. Self monitoring evaluates effectiveness by presenting a set of several questions which the subject should answer. The answers are based on a scale that ranges from zero to five. The scale values have different meaning according to the degree that has been pre-stipulated. The scores of all questions are added up to give the sum of the overall scores which define the monitor value. The highest value of self monitor is 65 while the lowest value is 0. The conventional value shows that people with high self monitors attain a scale of 53 and higher values than that one. People with high self monitor are better than the ones with low self monitor. They can perform in a better manner than their counterparts who have low self monitors. Secondly, the big five locator evaluates emotional stability, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and contentiousness. The evaluation is also gauged by giving scaled opin ions and adding up in order to get the final values. These sums are measured conventional values which interprets the meaning of the values that has been obtained. Additionally, the psychometrics involves the use of self control and interaction styles.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Personal Effectiveness Report specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Literature Review Previously, it has been stated that this evaluation considers four indicators which include Self Monitoring, Five Big Locator, Interaction Styles and Communication Skills. However, there are many indicators that measure the effectiveness including IQ tests, emotional intelligence, and self control among others. Choosing the four indicators is inspired by existing literature showing that the uses of these indicators are consistent with the managerial requirements. In this light, researchers argue that marketers should understand their characteristics. Moreo ver, they contend that marketers should understand whether they can change their characters according to situations that confront them. Further, they contend that capability of changing the marketing strategies is a crucial factor. In this case, they suggest that a marketer should be capable of changing a strategy if the original one does not work. This implies that they should understand their flexibility and the capability of embracing change. The authors are consistent with the ideologies that are addressed by self monitoring. This implies that application of self monitor is a suitable evaluation tool for Assem. Additionally, they argue that emotions determine the tolerance level which dictates the ability to convince customers. In this case, an impatient marketer can become intolerant when potential customers pose many questions. On the same note, the method of Big Five Locator seeks to evaluate the emotional stability. Additionally, marketing is concerned with the openness of t he person who is evaluated. Similarly, Big Five Locator addresses the level of openness in order to determine whether the person provide information openly. Additionally, it is evident that marketers should control the contention and controversies. Research purports that low levels of contention ensures that marketers do not conflict with potential customers leading to loss of interest.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the same way, Big Five Locator evaluates the agreeableness of a person to opinions which are raised by others. This implies that marketing and Big Five Locator are concerned with level of contention. These instances show that the Big Five Locator method is consistent with the ideologies of marketing. It, therefore, follows that this method is a pertinent and a crucial indicator that can be used to determine the effectiveness of a marketing agent. Lastly, previous literature portrays a strong relationship between marketing and communication with potential customers. In this case, a marketer must deliver information in a clear, precise and understandable manner (Stenerson, 1994. Consequently, the above tests aim at evaluating the ability of Assem to communicate with people. It aims at evaluating whether he can balance his time with the content he delivers during a marketing talk (McDonald, 1998). Data Methodology of Testing In order to test the capability of Assem, four tests were conducted on him. These tests included: Interaction styles This test was conducted to determine four aspects of interaction styles which include Get-Things-Going, Behind-the-Scenes, In-Charge and Chart-the-course. The table below shows the interaction styles and characteristics of people who have those aspects. Get things going Behind-the-Scenes In-Charge Chart-the-Course Fast Pace Take Responsibility Decisive Take caution Find Recognition Security Conscious Seek Competition Goal oriented Positive about issue Perform Excellently Administrative Follow plans Trustworthy Patient Fast Paced Organized Table 1: It represents the various interaction styles and the attributes that are exhibited by each of them The big 5 locator The big five locator test was used to determine the emotions of Assem that could affect his activities in the field. These include; Extroversion Emotional stability Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness Self monitoring This test aims at measuring t he level of emotions that is exhibited by the person who is considered. A reference score of 53 is used in a manner that when the score is below 53, the person has high self monitoring capability while scores above 53 portray low self monitoring capability (Campos, 1991). Self control This is a test that assigns personality according to the score which is obtained through computations. Its results show the strengths, potential strengths and limitations of the individual. Results Interaction Styles Interaction Style Score Get-Things-Going 14/28 Behind-the-Scenes 15/28 In-Charge 5/28 Chart-the-Course 16/28 Big Five Locator Emotional Stability 1 Eager 5 4 3 2 1 Calm 2 Sociable 5 4 3 2 1 Loner 3 Dreamer 5 4 3 2 1 Serious 4 Courtesy 5 4 3 2 1 Abrupt 5 Neat 5 4 3 2 1 Messy Emotional Stability= Row1+ Row2+ Row3+Row4+Row5 Emotional stability= 5+4+3+4+2= 18 Extroversion 6 Cautious 5 4 3 2 1 Confident 7 Optimistic 5 4 3 2 1 Pessimistic 8 Theoretical 5 4 3 2 1 Practical 9 Generous 5 4 3 2 1 Selfish 10 Decisive 5 4 3 2 1 Liberal Extroversion= Row6+ Row7+ Row8+Row9+Row10 Extroversion level= 5+3+5+4+2= 19 Openness to Experience 11 Discouraged 5 4 3 2 1 Motivated 12 Exhibitionists 5 4 3 2 1 Private 13 Imaginative 5 4 3 2 1 Obey authority 14 Warm 5 4 3 2 1 Cold 15 Stay focused 5 4 3 2 1 Easily Distracted Openness to Experience = Row11+ Row12+ Row13+Row14+Row15 Openness to Experience= 4+4+3+4+3 =18 Agreeableness 16 Easily embarrassed 5 4 3 2 1 Don’t give a damn 17 Outgoing 5 4 3 2 1 Cool 18 Seek novelty 5 4 3 2 1 Seek Routine 19 Team player 5 4 3 2 1 Independent 20 Preference for order 5 4 3 2 1 Comfortable with chaos Agreeableness = Row16+ Row17+ Row18+Row19+Row20 Agreeableness= 2+2+3+2+2 =11 Conscientiousness 21 Distractible 5 4 3 2 1 Unflappable 22 Conversational 5 4 3 2 1 Thoughtful 23 Comfortable with ambiguity 5 4 3 2 1 Prefer things clear-cut 24 Trusting 5 4 3 2 1 Sceptical 25 On ti me 5 4 3 2 1 Procrastinate Conscientiousness = Row21+ Row22+ Row23+Row24+Row25 Conscientiousness= 3+2+3+2+3 =13 Scores and Interpretation Emotional Stability 18 Reactive Extroversion 19 Extrovert Open to experience 18 Explorer Agreeableness 11 Challenger Conscientiousness 13 Focused Gragh showing the aspects of Five Big Locator Self Monitoring Questionnaire Question 11 22 3 3 44 55 6 6 77 88 99 110 111 112 113 TTotal Score 55 44 24 33 44 35 24 44 33 35 55 44 35 55 Self-monitor test shows a value of 55, which is greater than 53 (5553), implying high levels of self monitor that raise his capability to change according to situations (Habel, 1991). Self Control Assem’s Strengths He can easily monitor himself among his colleagues He can modify his ideologies in order to accommodate others He is sociable since he is an extrovert Potential Strengths He is agreeable Have stable emotions Limitations He is a challenger Results Analysis Interaction Styles Assem exhibits three interaction styles which include Get-things-Going, Behind-the-Scenes and Chart-the-Course. This implies that he can efficiently communicate with Kerry and Sarah as well as compromise with them when confronting issues. Five Big Locator The Five Big Locator shows that Assem has the following attributes. Emotionally unstable Strong Extrovert Exhibits little openness to experience Low levels of agreeableness Low levels of conscientiousness Since he is an extrovert, he will interact well with Kerry and Sarah for the success of the marketing program. Self Monitor A self monitor score of 55 shows that Assem can monitor and modify his behaviour when working with Kerry and Sarah. This implies that he can work with both of them in a favourable manner. However, results shows that he is contentious in nature meaning that he might challenge other during discussions. Self Control Assem’s Strengths He can easily monitor himself among his colleagues He can modify his ideologies in order to accommodate others He is sociable since he is an extrovert Potential Strengths He is agreeable Limitations He is a challenger Assem can, therefore, take on a leadership role and perform excellently since he has a high self monitoring and control. Recommendation and Conclusion There are various recommendations that could arise from the tests that were conducted. The management should assign the task to Assem since results show that he is capable leader. He should be advised about controlling emotions and contention in order to improve his performance. Assem should be allowed to work with Sarah and Kerry so that they can share their experiences with his since he has low openness to experience. In conclusion, this group that will comprise of the three personnel under the leadership will carry out their role perfectly owing to the tactical selection and all-rounded leadership. References Campos, A. (1991). Stability of Emotionality Scores. Perceptual And M otor Skills, 73(7), 795. Edmonds, C. (2009). Commentary of Delivering An International HR Strategy At DHL: Pole Position Puts Emerging-markets Division At Head Of Pack. Human Resource Management International Digest, 17(1), 32-34. Habel, A. (1991). Self-assessment. Current Paediatrics, 1(2), 125-126. McDonald, S. (1998). Commentary of GE Backs Power Marketer. The Electricity Journal, 11(1), 5. Stenerson, H. W. (1994). Behind The Markets. Chemical Engineering News, 22(20), 1876-1880.

Howard Beckers Labelling Theory

Howard Beckers Labelling Theory Introduction Since the beginning of human civilization, criminal activity has plagued human society. Over the centuries, the society has taken steps to respond to this vice that threatens the moral fabric of the society. The most significant step in combating crime has been in the establishment of a criminal justice system that deals with criminals by imposing relevant punishments. In spite of the presence of a functional criminal justice system, crime has continued to increase in the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Howard Beckers Labelling Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sociologists and criminology scholars have tried to address this problem by coming up with theories that seek to explain the root of crime and therefore offer ways of controlling it. One of the theories developed to explain crime and criminality is the Labelling Theory by Howard Becker. This theory stresses on the social process thr ough which certain acts and people are labelled as deviant. This paper will explain in detail Howard Beckers Labelling Theory and its view of Crime and Criminality. Becker’s Labelling Theory Labelling theory emerged as a dominant theory on crime during the 1960s and it challenged the traditional view of positivist criminology that regarded crime to be caused of factors such as moral development and personality. This theory also seeks to analyze what happens to individuals after they have been given the label of criminal by the society. Beckers theory builds on the works of the criminologist and sociologist, Frank Tannenbaum who declared that tagging, identifying, and segregating are the processes through which criminals are made. Tannenbaum suggested that because of this labelling, an individual is compelled to become the very thing he/she is perceived to be (Plummer 2000). Through his theory, Howard Becker argued that the society, which dictates the actions that should be re garded as deviance and the ones that should not, is the creator of deviance. Becker (1963) articulated the labelling theory by asserting, Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders (p.9). In the Labelling Theory, emphasis is placed not in the behaviour itself but in the response that the behaviour gets from other people. By studying the process through which people become deviant, Becker noted that social control agencies such as the police and courts are created to label people as outside the normal, law-abiding community. Becker (1963) also noted that the social group that creates deviance is usually the middle or upper class. This is because economic or political power has to be possessed in order for ones views to be heard or enforced (Regoli 2009). When developing this theory, Becker was engaged in a study that focused on marijuana use and its control a nd he analyzed how the political power worked to give marijuana use a deviant label.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Becker sought to discover the consequences that the application of the label of deviant had on the individual labelled. He noted that specific behaviour is not in itself deviant or normal; rather, people define it as such by applying labels to it and defining it in a certain way. The social authorities such as police officers, teachers, judges, and religious teachers, give the label deviance on certain behaviour (Walklate 2007). Becker notes that the social audience who make the rules as to what is deviance also applies it on certain individuals who become outsiders once this label is attributed to them. Becker (1963) insisted on the differentiation between rule-breaking behaviour and deviance. He states that the term deviant is a label applied to some indiv iduals by a part of society and not all rule-breaking behaviour is regarded as deviant. On the other hand, not all who are labelled as deviant might be guilty of rule breaking. The theory also revealed that acts are not generalized as deviant or normal: the level to which an act will be regarded as deviant is sometimes dictated by the social status or race of the person who commits the act. To demonstrate this point, Becker illustrated how juvenile delinquents from a middle-class background were less likely to be processed through the legal process compared to similar offenders from the slum areas. Labelling Theory’s View on Crime The theory reveals that the application of labels increases the level of crime since it turns certain people into outsiders. Mesmaecker (2010) observes that it only takes one criminal offense for someone to be labelled a criminal. This label might last for a lifetime with dire repercussions for the individual. Becker (1963) notes that the society al ways perceives the labelled person as guilty and this can be seen from the police habit of rounding up known offenders when they are investigating a current crime. Because of the label, the police view these individuals as lacking in respect of law and expect them to continue engaging in crime. This is the reason why the juvenile system attempts to hide the criminal records of young offenders since if the record is public, it will have a negative impact on the future of the individual. Judith and Tina (2003) elaborate that the criminal records of an individual will deny them certain opportunities such as obtaining jobs or advancing in their education and this might prompt the offender to commit new crime.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Howard Beckers Labelling Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory also highlights the role that the criminal justice system has in increasing crime. Becker (1966) suggests that the court system can have a negative impact in its efforts at deterring future offending. By labelling the defendant as deviant, the court will increase the chances of future offending by the individual. The labelling theory also explains why some crimes appear to be more prevalent than others are. Becker (1963) explains that some particular kind of deviance might face the attention of the society or authorities. Activities aimed at controlling this behaviour might therefore result in arrest of individuals who engage in this deviant acts. For example, the all out attack by the US government on drug use during the 1980s led to an overrepresentation of drug-related crimes in the society. If the society labels a certain act as deviant and then focuses on it, the perception that this â€Å"crime† is on the rise will follow. The labelling theory also recognizes how the society groups together those who have broken some agreed-upon rules. A person is no longer viewed as an ind ividual but rather as a member of a homogeneous category that is made up of other people who have committed a similar crime. Because of this categorization, the individual is at risk of being rejected by the social groups he once belonged to (Walklate 2007). His family and friends may severe ties with him and this isolation will be detrimental to the well being of the individual. The labelled individual is therefore likely to join the deviant group or sub-culture that society assumes him to belong to and since this new group will accept him, he is likely to engage in further deviant acts. McGrath (2009) best articulates this by stating that people act in a manner that reinforces their label. As such, those who have been categorized by the society as deviant, or those who view themselves as deviant, most likely end up acting in the way that society expects them to (McGrath, 2009). Labelling Theory’s View on Criminality According to the labelling theory, being labelled has an e ffect on the sense of self. An Individual who engages in deviance might do this for various reasons that do not include his self-identity. However, once the person is labelled as a deviant, his perception of himself changes from normal to deviant.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With this newly formed identity, the person begins to define and think of himself in terms of the deviant label he has been given. Becker (1963) theorizes that the deviant status obtained from breaking a rule becomes a master status. The individual is therefore doomed to be a deviant first and any other status consideration will take a secondary role. Such a person is likely to engage in crime since he already views himself as a criminal. The Labelling Theory further reveals that not all people labelled as deviant may have broken societal rules. Labelling by society is sometimes generalizing and a person can be labelled as a deviant when they have in fact not engaged in any deviant act yet. Becker (1993) observes that because of being publicly labelled as deviant, individuals go to the next logical step, which is engaging in career deviance. The labelling theory also proposes that the deviant label makes it more likely that an individual will engage in other kinds of crimes in addit ion to the crime for which he was initially labelled. Plummer (2000) corroborates this view by observing that when a person is apprehended for one deviant act, they are predisposed to taking part in other deviant behaviour since they will be regarded as deviant by the society and are more likely to engage with other similarly labelled people. This argument is supported by facts surrounding the US Juvenile Justice System. In the mid 1990s, governors all over the US proposed sending of juvenile offenders to the adult system in order to reduce crime through deterrence. Data indicates that the young offenders who went through the adult system left the correctional facilities with a higher propensity for committing crime due to the label that they acquired (Clausmeier 2007). The stigma attached to the label also has implications on the social behaviour of the individual. A study by McCarney (2002) found that the status of being an ex-criminal has a negative influence a persons future emp loyability and causes a loss of social status. In addition to this, individuals with criminal records are stereotyped and regarded as criminals even though they served their sentence and therefore paid for their past misdeeds. In most cases, the former offenders have been reformed and are ready to be productive members of the society. However, the attitude and treatment they get from the society leads them to transform their identities to fit the deviant label (Slattery 2003). Due to this, the individual is more likely to engage in criminal activity either to make a living or as a way of lashing out at the society. The Labelling Theory suggests that the criminal justice system would benefit greatly if sensitivity to crime and deviant behaviour increased. If this happens, a restorative approach that questions the evidence of punishment and labelling as the best way to respond to crime will be adopted. Mesmaecker (2010) declares that this approach will alleviate the alienation of the parties within the legal process and greatly reduce the feelings of injustice that the offenders feel. With such an approach, a person who has engaged in crime in the past will not feel obligated to repeat the offense since they do not regard the deviant behaviour as part of their identity. Conclusion This paper set out to analyze Becker’s Labelling theory and expound on its views on crime and criminality. The labelling theory explorers the impact that being labelled as an outsider may have on the individual. It reveals that the outsider status causes one to engage in anti-social activity since society already expects them to do so. The paper has analyzed how labelling leads to an increase in crime since otherwise normal individuals form an identity that conforms to the label attached to them. When they have been labelled, these people come to believe that the label is true and they therefore adopt the deviant identity and invariably begin acting in deviant ways. From the lab elling theory, it is evident that the society is responsible for the prevalence of crime since it turns individuals into deviants by labelling them as such. It is therefore possible for crime and criminality to be alleviated by reducing the instances of labelling and treating former offenders in a civil and social way. Reference Becker, H 1963, Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance, Free Press, New York. Clausmeier, D 2007, â€Å"Child criminal justice†, Journal of Quantitative Criminology 18(1): 171-173. Judith, B Tina, M 2003, â€Å"Child and Adolescent†, Social Work Journal, 20(2): 85-98. McCarney, W 2002, â€Å"Restorative justice: International approaches†, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 3 (1): 2-13. McGrath, A 2009, â€Å"Offenders’ Perceptions of the Sentencing Process: A Study of Deterrence and Stigmatisation in the New South Wales Children’s Court†, The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 41 (1): 24-46. Mesmaecker, V 2010, â€Å"Building social support for restorative justice through the media: is taking the victim perspective the most appropriate strategy?†, Contemporary Justice Review, 13 (3): 239–267. Plummer, K 2000, â€Å"Labelling theory†, Historical, Conceptual, and Theoretical Issues, 1(1): 191-194. Regoli, R 2009, Delinquency in Society, Jones Bartlett Learning, NY. Slattery, M 2003, Key Ideas in Sociology, Nelson Thornes, Boston. Walklate, S 2007, Understanding Criminology, McGraw-Hill International, NY.