Charles Law Example Problem

Charles law is a special case of the ideal gas law in which the pressure of a gas is constant. Charles law states that volume is proportional to the absolute temperature of a gas at constant pressure. Doubling the temperature of gas doubles its volume, so long as the pressure and quantity of the gas are unchanged.   Charles Law Example Problem This example problem shows how to use Charles law to solve a gas law problem: A 600 mL sample of nitrogen is heated from 27  °C to 77  °C at constant pressure. What is the final volume? Solution: The first step to solving gas law problems should be converting all temperatures to absolute temperatures. In other words, if the temperature is given in Celsius or Fahrenheit, convert it to Kelvin. (This is where the most commonplace mistakes are made in this type of homework problem.) T K 273  °CTi initial temperature 27  °CTi K 273 27Ti K 300 KTf final temperature 77  °CTf K 273 77Tf K 350 K The next step is to use Charles law to find the final volume. Charles law is expressed as: Vi/Ti Vf/TfwhereVi and Ti is the initial volume and temperatureVf and Tf is the final volume and temperatureSolve the equation for Vf:Vf ViTf/TiEnter the known values and solve for Vf.Vf (600 mL)(350 K)/(300 K)Vf 700 mLAnswer:The final volume after heating will be 700 mL. More Examples of Charles Law If you think Charles Law seems irrelevant to real-life situations, think again! By understanding the basics of the law, youll know what to expect in a variety of real-world situations and once you know how to solve a problem using Charles Law, you can make predictions and even start to plan new inventions. Here are several examples of situations in which Charles Law is at play: If you take a basketball outside on a cold day, the ball shrinks a bit as the temperature is decreased. This is also the case with any inflated object and explains why its a good idea to check your cars tire pressure when the temperature drops.If you over-inflate a pool float on a hot day, it can swell in the sun and burst.Pop-up turkey thermometers work based on Charles law. As the turkey cooks, the gas inside the thermometer expands until it can pop the plunger. Examples of Other Gas Laws Charles law is only one of the special cases of the ideal gas law that you may encounter. Each of the laws is named for the person who formulated it. Its good to know how to tell the gas laws apart and be able to cite examples of each one. Amontons Law: Doubling temperature doubles pressure at constant volume and mass. Example: As automobile tires heat up when you drive, their pressure increases.Boyles Law: Doubling pressure halves volume, at constant temperature and mass. Example: When you blow bubbles underwater, they expand as they rise to the surface.Avogadros Law: Doubling the mass or number of moles of a gas doubles the volume at constant temperature and pressure. Example: Inhaling fills the lungs with air, expanding their volume.

American History X The Story Of Two Brothers - 1961 Words

American History X â€Å"They (African Americans) are a burden to the advancement of the white race,† a comment that is said by a Danny Vinyard, perfectly demonstrates the racist attitudes, which result in violence, that are shown throughout American History X. The movie tells the story of two brothers, Derek and Danny Vinyard, who become victims of their surroundings and a product of the people they emulate. Derek, Danny’s older brother, is at first portrayed as the leader of the Skinheads, a neo-Nazi, Venice Beach gang filled with hatred towards any non-white groups especially African Americans. This hatred is intensified by the need to be superior, but in order to accomplish this, another group must be deemed inferior, and therefore oppressed, in this case African Americans. At the beginning of the movie, Derek is sent to prison for manslaughter, leaving his little brother to be alone and fall deeper into a hole of hatred and the beliefs of the gang. On the other hand, Derek experience s a series of events while in prison that lead him to a drastic transformation. Through Derek’s transformative journey, the movie depicts that even though hatred is a source of violence and exclusion, the anger brought about from hatred can lead to a positive personal development. American History X shows how Derek’s persona is a product of the people he emulates. We first see this when Derek’s dad is surprised by how he enthusiastically speaks about his African American English teacher, callingShow MoreRelatedRacism in American History X951 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican History X is clearly a film dealing with racism. The interesting thing about this film is the way in which the subject is treated. First of all, it is obvious that, though racism is always a difficult subject to deal with, American History X presents it without any reservations or dumming down. Second, the films figurehead for racism, Derek Vinyard (Edward Norton), is not an unintelligent redneck racist as films often portray them, but is in fact well-spoken, charismatic and intelligentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie American History X 858 Words   |  4 Pageslearning–whether at the very personal/familial level, or the institutional level. The film,American History X, tells the story of two brothers who are both involved with a Neo-Nazi gang in Venice Beach. The movie starts with the older brother Derrick getting out of jail for the murder of two black gang members. At the same time his brother is getting out of jail, the younger brother Danny is forced to write a paper about his brother s influence on him. The movie then unfolds as part of the paper that DannyRead MoreEssay on Racism in American History X936 Words   |  4 Pages American History X is clearly a film dealing with racism. The interesting thing about this film is the way in which the subject is treated. First of all, it is obvious that, though racism is always a difficult subject to deal with, American History X presents it without any reservations or dumming down. Second, the films figurehead for racism, Derek Vinyard (Edward Norton), is not an unintelligent redneck racist as films often portray them, but is in fact well-spoken, charismatic and intelligentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film American History X1537 Words   |  7 PagesVandalism, murder, and rape are only a taste of the violence presented within the film American HIstory X (Tony Kaye). In his work, Kaye explores the origins of racism through the minds of Derek (Edward Norton) and his brother, Danny (Edward Furlong); however, the film tells the story of far more t han these two brothers. It tells the story of all those who have ever overcame their prejudice feelings through the process of introspection and their proximity to those they are prejudice towards. WhileRead MoreRacial Representation in American History X Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesA movie American History X (1988) deals with white supremacy and racism. We can see a variety of racial representation in this movie. We’re going to see implicit racial associations and racist stereotypes seen in the film first with the framework of John Russell’s discussion in his research â€Å"Race as Ricorso: Blackface(s), Racial Representation, and the Transnational Apologetics of Historical Amnesia in the United States and Japan,† examine the background and arguments on race in the movie, and seeRead MoreAmerican History X By Tony Kaye And Written By David Mckenna1439 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican History X Almost one week before I started to take this class, I watched â€Å"American History X† for the first time. When I learned we are going to do this project, this movie was on my mind and I did not surprise at all when I saw it in our movie list. Since the beginning of the semester, everything related to multiculturalism in this movie is becoming clearer to me. Multiculturalism is a huge issue, especially the country like the US which has many different races. One of the first thingsRead MoreAmerican History X - Paper 21730 Words   |  7 PagesAnthropology American History X â€Å"I hate anyone that is not white Protestant,† begins Danny Vinyard, the brother of a former neo Nazi skinhead. American History X offers opinions from two sides through one character, the ex-neo Nazi Derek, and the post-prison-reformed Derek. The post-prison-formed Derek serves as a vision of hope for present time. This powerful movie not only depicts the most disturbing aspects of racism, but also shows how close racism is to the middle-class, white Americans. AmericanRead MoreAmerican History Essays1013 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican History It is important to be proud of who you are and where you have come from. After watching the film American History X, whites are far from proud. We are ashamed to admit that people just like us can act in such a horrible and disillusioned way toward those that are different. As you watch, you see scenes of brutal violence, hear songs of hate and feel the pain of all involved. These acts show the viewers how easily young minds can be influenced to believe anything. TeachersRead MoreAfrican Americans : African American And A Writer952 Words   |  4 PagesBeing African-American and a writer was rare to say back then since many people viewed African-Americans as uneducated and illiterate. Till this day many people still see African-Americans as less competent than any other person from a different race. Throughout history we’ve seen many accomplishments from African-Americans, either it being in sports or in the educational field. I’ve never doubted African-Americans on t heir capacity on what they can and cannot do. African-Americans have broken manyRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X As Told By Alex Haley1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Autobiography of Malcolm X as told by Alex Haley is the story about a man who greatly impacted American history. Malcolm Little, or Malcolm X as he is more widely known, taught what he believed in regards to segregation, racism, and discrimination. Growing up in a large family with a father Earl Little, a Baptist minister, and his mother Louis Little, who was a homemaker, Malcolm’s life at the time seemed very promising. His father’s involvement in support of the Black National gained him many

Fabulous Fibonacci Essay - 1234 Words

Fabulous Fibonacci One of the most common places to see Fibonacci numbers is in the growth patterns of plants. Growth spirals are characterized by both a circular motion, and elongation. As a branch grows, it produces leaves at regular intervals, but not after each complete circle of its spiral. The reason the leaves are not directly above each other is because all of the leaves would not be able to get the necessary elements. It appears that leaves are generated on the stem in phyllotactic ratios where the numerator and denominator are both Fibonacci numbers. The numerator is the number of turns, and the denominator is the number of leaves past until there is a leaf directly above the original. The number of leaves past, ad both†¦show more content†¦Other examples would be as follows 3 -- lilies, 5 --wild roses, 8- delphiniums, 13- ragworts and the list goes on forever. Please note though, that some flowers have an exact number of petals e.g. buttercups, others have an average that is a Fibo nacci numbers. Fibonacci numbers are also associated with animals as well as plants. The most fascinating example of the sequence in the animal kingdom is the remarkable spiral that characterizes some animal growth. If you draw a square 1 unit long, then continue to add squares around that one you will get this following diagram. Then quarter circle arcs can be drawn connecting opposite corners of the squares on such a way that the arcs connect sequentially. What develops is a close approximation of the spiral shell of here of the chambered nautilus. Spirals such as this also occur in the horns of wild sheep, parrot beaks, and elephant tusks. Fibonacci numbers in Art and Architecture: Fibonacci numbers and ratios have has a curios influence on art and architecture for many centuries. There seems to be a visually pleasing quality to these numbers and their relationship to each other that has appealed to humanitys sense of beauty since recorded history. Today 3x5 and 5x8 index cards and booklets are extremely popular. This obviously shows the appeal of Fibonacci numbers that characterize such things as playing cards, writing pads, windows, mirrors, calculators, and credit cards, toShow MoreRelatedExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesbiomes, but based upon nature’s perfect spiral. The design concept for the new education centre had been inspired by plant architecture – a design that has a track record going back some 400 million years. The principal design themes follow the Fibonacci mathematical sequence discovered by Leonardo da Pisa in the thirteenth century and echo the spirals at the centre of a sunï ¬â€šower or pine c one. Estimated costs for Big Build 2 were forecast at around  £15m with funding procured from some of Eden’s established

Improving Workplace Opportunities For Women - 1590 Words

A century ago women were excluded from the opportunities which men enjoyed. Today, many countries including Canada have progressed significantly by creating anti-discrimination laws that have performed a critical role in expanding workplace opportunities for women. However, these laws failed to guarantee workplace equality since female workers still face discrimination through significant pay gaps for similar job duties, lack of representation in boards and high paying positions, and also face sexual harassment at the workplace. Reports reveal that women still have a long way to go to achieve equality for themselves in their workplaces. More than two decades of development have resulted in only marginal progress for working women all around the world, in general and in Canada, in particular. Women are segregated by occupation, where most women have few opportunities of getting good positions and no better option other than contingent positions. The opportunities become even lesser if the women are of colour, belong to aboriginal community, with disabilities or aged 20 s-30 s. Not many women in our society belong to the wealthy upper class, study shows that women are under-represented by almost three quarters in the top 20 percent of Canadian earners. Women constitute only 11 percent of representation in the rich employees of Canada. Only 29 percent of women are able to access positions that pay salary of $32,367 and above. On the other hand, women also face the trend ofShow MoreRelatedGender Equality And Women s Rights1274 Words   |  6 Pages Women in the world still face discrimination and gender equality takes action to achieve women’s rights. AAUW provides and gives women the chance to have an education, while Catalyst reaches out to women to carry out equa l pay, equal participation in the workplace, and remove discrimination. UN Women attains to human rights for women. Throughout history women have fought for gender equality in the workplace and in education, and every year organizations like AAUW, Catalyst, and UN Women haveRead MoreThe View Of Moen Spencer932 Words   |  4 Pagesview of Moen Spencer (2006), wellbeing is important as it plays an essential role in creating prosperous societies. Focusing on wellbeing in the workplace can facilitate societies by aiding individuals working in offices to feel satisfied, committed and happy. The evidence reveals that people who are successful in achieving wellbeing in the workplace to a good standard are more productive, loyal and creative. They also tend to make efforts to make the customers more satisfied and retain them. InRead MoreGender Equality And Gender Inequality979 Words   |  4 Pageslocal policy debate on the subject of economic development. This policy concern has eme rged as an area of scholarly research which seeks to show that improving gender equity leads to economic growth. Gender Inequality in Australia: According to the data published by Australian Bureau of Statistics in May 2015, the full time average earnings of women is $284.20 or 17.9% less than the full time average earnings for men, this figure is calculated on the full time employees’ average weekly ordinary timeRead MoreWomens Fight for Respect and Equality in the Workplace Essay673 Words   |  3 Pages(College Candy) women have been fought they way to earn a respectful and equal opportunity in the place of work and looking back a few decades, according to a presentation by Emma Carter (2013), in 1911 women had no protection against discrimination in the workplace although, the role of females in our society was escalating as the society began to enter the labour market during the First World War in 1920. A presentation by Carter (2013) also states that in 1941 seven million women were involvedRead MoreGender Inequality In Australia Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesWestern women have traditionally been perceived as the inferior sex, or the domestic partner, subjected wholly to the private sphere, and stripped of legal rights and standing. Meanwhile, men are depicted as the breadwinner, the strong, masculine and dominant partner, who belongs primarily to the public sphere. These historic gender norms have been deeply imbedded within Australia’s social foundation, and although society has gradually shifted away from these roles, evidence suggests that this genderRead MoreGender Inequality And Women During The Workplace Essay881 Words   |  4 Pageshours a week with only 30.6 for women, and married men worked longer hours than married women. Also, more than half a million women in 2011 were looking after home/family compared with only 9,600 men (Gender Equality In Ireland). Gend er stereotypes are hard to break, and like it or not, we are all prone to engaging in stereotyping at one time or another. This is demonstrated in the work of Mahzarian Banaji here at Harvard (Gender Inequality and Woman in the Workplace). In Addition, A review of theRead MoreWomen Workers In Society Have Been And Still Are Deemed1636 Words   |  7 PagesWomen workers in society have been and still are deemed as the weaker and inferior sex in the workforce. This idea is reinforced as women in the workforce are not given the same opportunities to advance in their careers as men or experience the ‘glass ceiling’ effect, women are forced into education or domestic responsibility and are seen to pursue in feminized or feminine sectors of the workforce (Cool, J, 2010). Thus saying, I argue this thinking is validated thorough the practices of gender inequalityRead MoreDiversity And Public Administration By Harvey L. White And Rice1254 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing, publ ic organizations have a more diverse work environment. In the workplace, diversity can be a benefit. According to the article entitled , â€Å"Advantages and Disadvantages of Diversity in the Workplace† by David Ingram, Ingram(2015) stated that by have a diverse workplace allows the company to utilize their employees’ cultural difference to strengthen the organizations’ productivity. Another advantage of diverse workplace is that it increase employee’s personal growth. By employees being exposeRead MoreProspects For Improving Pay At The Lower End Of The Labour Market1579 Words   |  7 PagesMoreover, there are barriers which prevent the prospects for improving pay at the lower end of the labour market. Thus this essay will examine and evaluate the prospects for improving pay and recognizing the barriers which hold back people from moving up in the labour market. The first part will assess internal labour markets and how affective they are at improvi ng pay, the second part will discuss trade unions and how affective they are at improving low pay, and then finally this essay will analyse genderRead MoreLeveraging Human Potential : Gm 500 : Management Theories And Practices1288 Words   |  6 Pagesalways men to women, but it can be woman to woman. As a future, business woman I have to be mindful that diversity in the workforce must be alive and vibrant among women and men. To minimize the gender, generation gaps, and cultural differences. I learned that diversity training and inclusion is needed to build diversity. Analysis ?True To Myself? highlights the real world diversity issues at the workplace which is not only prone to racism, but also with one of the issues of men vs. women. In the workplace

Compare and Contrast the Whiskey Rebellion free essay sample

There was also the issue of the tax system. The tax system at this time was regressive in that much of the Eastern state economies lay in the barter System as opposed to the more monetary based economies found in the western and central parts of Massachusetts. Consequently, many farmers were unable to meet their tax obligations and were forced to sell their lands so as to raise money. As a result , due to dire need orchestrated by the supply and demand dictates, the price of land depreciated and thus contributing to the cyclic nature of poverty.This often meant that men also lost their right to vote since suffrage was often tied to owning land. At the beginning, the rebellion was peaceful and centered mainly on freeing the men who had been jailed for not paying their taxes. This revolt becomes more militant on August 29, 1786. A Massachusetts militia that had been raised as a private army defeated the rebellion force on February 3, 1787. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast the Whiskey Rebellion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1791, the government of the United States previously running under the Articles of Confederation had been replaced by a hands on, more effective overspent stipulated under the United States Constitution that had come into power in 1789 .The government took over the debts accumulated from the states from the American Revolutionary War. One stipulation to waiver the debts by the federal government was a tax on distilled spirits. Larger producers of beer were to be charged six cents a gallon whereas smaller producers were to be taxed a higher rate of nine cents a gallon. The smaller producers were outraged by this because they lacked capital to sustain this and did not have the necessary tools to market their products which would enervate income to cover the expense of the tax.Compounded by the lack of a well developed infrastructure to facilitate a well orchestrated production and distribution of beer, this made the taxes a difficult burden to bear for many. Disgruntling and disgust reached the highest pitch in the summer of 1794 when civil protests manifested as an armed rebellion, when shots were fired in Pennsylvania about ten miles south of Pittsburgh. As word spread of the rebellion, small time farmers and their supporters enacted bodies of assistance which were geared to disrupt the tax collecting process and make day to day routines in the village intolerable.George Washington and Alexander Hamilton, remembering Shays Rebellion from just eight years before, decided to make Pennsylvania a testing ground for federal authority. Washington order ed federal marshals to serve court orders requiring the tax protesters to appear in federal district court. On August 7, 1794, Washington invoked the Militia Law of 1792 to summon the militias of Pennsylvania, Virginia and several states. The rebel force they sought was likewise imposed of Pennsylvania, Virginians, and possibly men from other states.The militia force of 13,000 men was organized and under the personal command of Washington and Hamilton quickly suppressed the revolt. This marked the first time under the new Constitution that the federal government had used strong military force to exert authority over the nations citizens. The military suppression of the Whisky Rebellion told citizens who wished to change the law that they had to do so peacefully through constitutional means; otherwise, the government would meet any hearts to disturb the peace with force.The suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion also had the unintended consequences of encouraging small whiskey producers and other settlers to relocate to the then-frontier lands of Kentucky and Tennessee, which Were outside the sphere of Federal control for many years. In these frontier areas, they also found good corn-growing country and smooth, limeston e-filtered water to make their whiskey. Both Shay and the Whiskey rebellion arose from agrarian foundations, that is subsistence farmers complaining about the excruciating taxes, when it mom to the Whiskey Rebellion, the U. S. Government withstood a formidable challenge to its sovereignty. Preceded by Shays Rebellion in 1 786, and followed by Frieds Rebellion in 1 799, the Whiskey Rebellion is distinguished by its size. While all three rebellions were motivated by their opposition to burdensome taxes, neither Daniel Shays nor John Fries ever gathered more than a few hundred supporters at any one time. On at least one occasion, as many as 15,000 men and women marched on Pittsburgh in armed opposition to the federal excise tax on whiskey.

Economics for Business Microeconomics Deals Economy

Question: Describe about the Economics for Business of Microeconomics Deals Economy. Answer: Introduction Macroeconomics deals with the performance of the economy in the short and long run adhered to the macroeconomic variables prevailing in the country. It helps in analysing the complexities and the method in which the country works (Mankiw, 2014). It deals with the production of all the goods and services in the economy that thereby considers the national market of the country. This essay explores the short run and the long run equilibrium in the economy, where it analyses the short run equilibrium and the challenges that are explored in the short run. Along with that, the long run equilibrium of the economy set by the principles and theories are stated where the government plays a major function in attaining the equilibrium. The essay helps in analysing the reason for the stable economy to operate at an output level where the aggregate demand curve, long run and the short run aggregate supply curve intersect. This study has been divided into further subdivisions that would analyse the objectives of the essay in a orderly manner. The essay at first depicts the aggregate demand curve, short run supply curve and the long run supply curve. Following the definition of the three, it analyses the short run equilibrium, government intervention in the economy followed by the long run equilibrium. Aggregate Demand Curve, Short Run Aggregate Supply Curve and Long Run Aggregate Supply Curve Aggregate demand curve of an economy consists of the consumption expenditure, planned investment, government purchases and net exports. It is a downward sloping curve which could be written as Y= C+I+G+NX (Stock Watson, 2016). The shift in the aggregate demand curve could be a result from change in the autonomous monetary policy, government purchases, taxes, net exports and consumption expenditure. Short run aggregate supply curve consists of three aspects, expected inflation, output gap and inflation shock. The supply curve is a positively sloped curve, where the slope of the curve depends upon how fast the prices respond about the variations in the output gap (Buiter, 2014). Long Run Aggregate Supply curve is determined by the amount of capital and labour used in manufacture along with the accessibility of technology usage in the production process. The natural rate of output is vertical which is generated by the natural rate of unemployment. Equilibrium in the short run In the short run term of an economy, equilibrium is achieved when the aggregate demand curve intersects the aggregate supply curve. The economy consists of three markets, namely, labour market, financial market and product market (Benigno, Ricci, Surico, 2015). It is quite vital for an economy to achieve equilibrium in all these three markets, that would help the economy to flourish. Availabilities of various fluctuations are noticed in the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model faced by an economy. This would be shown with the help of the following figure : Figure 1: Short Run Equilibrium (Source: As Created By the Author) In figure 1, initial aggregate demand and supply curves were AD and AS1, and equilibrium occurs at point E1. The equilibrium price level is P1 and Y1 corresponding to that equilibrium point. Sudden supply shocks are experienced in the economy, which causes a rightward shift of the supply curve. The increase in supply results from the shift of the supply curve from S1 to S2. Corresponding to the new equilibrium, the new price level is achieved at P2 and output level at Y2. Hence, it could be seen that there is a fall in the price level of the economy and a rise in the output level. In the short run, not all the factors of production are variable in nature. At least one of the factors are considered to be fixed. Hence, it could be stated that the economy may or may not be able to achieve the stability in the market after the supply shock that has been experienced. Government intervention In order to bring stability in the short run of the economy, government plays a vital role in imputing certain measurable changes that could bring the situation under control. Government exercises various expansionary and contractionary fiscal measures depending upon the situation (Scarth, 2014). In order to reduce the output in the market, the government employees certain contractionary measures, whereas, in order to overcome the deficit in output, the government undertakes expansionary measures in the economy. These measures help in restabilising the current state of the economy. The government can impute changes in the level of taxation, employment level, inflationary measures and other economical aspects, thereby accessing the equilibrium position of the markets. Long run equilibrium The Long Run Supply Curve faced by an economy is vertical, and it is quite important for the economy to choose a point of economys equilibrium where the aggregate demand curve, short run aggregate supply curve and the long run aggregate supply curve intersect. Figure 2: Long Run Equilibrium (Source: As Created by the Author) In the following figure, at first equilibrium occurs when AD1, AS1 and LRAS intersect. At that point, the short run equilibrium is in accordance with the long run equilibrium output, Q. With the change in some fiscal policy measures, there is an decrease of the aggregate demand curve from AD1 to AD2. This would shift the equilibrium point away from the long run equilibrium achieved earlier. There would be a rise in the price level along with the rise in the output. This would be considered as the new short run equilibrium in the economy (Weeks, 2013). Yet, as the economy further moves towards the long run, the expected price level of the economy would come in accordance with the actual price level of the firms, producers and workers. This would correspondingly shift the AS curve from AS1 to AS2. This would thereby shift the equilibrium position back in alignment with the long run equilibrium. Hence, it could be stated that during the short run in the economy, changes has been noticed both in the price level and the output level whereas, in the long run, changes are considered only in the price level and output remains the same. The contractionary measures affect the equilibrium exactly the opposite, yet, it manages to return back to the long run equilibrium level (Goodwin, Nelson, Harris, Torras, Roach, 2013). Hence, it could be stated from the above analysis that in order to attain stability in the economy, the aggregate demand curve, short run aggregate supply curve and the long run aggregate supply curve must intersect at the same point. Conclusion This study has provided the scope of analysing the mechanism and the process of how the economy manages to attain the equilibrium level of output amidst all the external and internal shocks prevailing within the economy. It is seen that these shocks affect the short run equilibrium level of the economy, yet, with the movement of the economy towards the long run, the stability is easily achieved. This stability brings changes in the price level yet; the output level remains the same. Government intervention in the short run time period of the economy helps in restoring the discrepancies that erupts. They utilize various fiscal measures in oirder to help the country to gain over such extreme situations. It provides the nation with the initiative of maintaining the demand and supply stability in the economy thereby, reducing unemployment and inflation. Relatively, the long run situation is achieved which enforces the stability of the country. Reference Benigno, P., Ricci, L. A., Surico, P. (2015). Unemployment and productivity in the long run: the role of macroeconomic volatility. Review of Economics and Statistics, 97(3), 698-709. Buiter, W. H. (2014). Temporary Equilibrium and Long-Run Equilibrium (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Goodwin, N., Nelson, J., Harris, J., Torras, M., Roach, B. (2013). Macroeconomics in context. . ME Sharpe. Mankiw, N. G. (2014). Principles of macroeconomics. . Cengage Learning. Scarth, W. (2014). Macroeconomics. Books. Stock, J. H., Watson, M. W. (2016). Dynamic Factor Models, Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregressions, and Structural Vector Autoregressions in Macroeconomics. Handbook of Macroeconomics, 2, 415-525. Weeks, J. (2013). Book Review: A Modern Guide to Keynesian Macroeconomics and Economic Policies. Review of Radical Political Economics, 45(2), 240-242.

Organizational Culture and National Culture in Multinational Companies free essay sample

Abstract Multinational organizations are combinations of multicultural employees. Multicultural environments cause cultural shock among leaderships and employees. Organizational culture and national culture are significantly important in current marketing environment. Organizational culture mainly shows the value and the roles inside the organization. However, national culture is the directing of organizational culture and influence both leadership and employees deeply from their personal values. Furthermore, the relationship between organizational culture and national culture has impacts on leaderships, employees, job satisfaction as well as the commitment of employees to the organizations. This essay will discuss the issues above, and make introduction about organizational culture, national culture and leadership, and corresponding impacts on employees and organizations as follows: Firstly, a brief summary of the influence given by organizational cultures and national cultures on multinational companies will be made. Secondly, it will discuss the importance of organizational culture and its influences on organizations, leaderships and employees. Thirdly, it will emphasize discuses the significance of national culture and impacts on organizations, leaderships and employees. Fourthly, it will present how leadership is related to i organizational culture and national culture. At last, it will conclude how national culture is stronger than organizational culture in influencing employees in multinational companies. Globalization has a great influence in the booming of multinational companies. Multinational companies encourage the cooperation of versatile national powers. Doing business in different countries integrates the resource utilization and decreases the costs to a large extent. Multinational companies make the cultures of organization diverse. The relationship between leaderships and employees, which is connected to both organizational culture and national culture, is also influential in the development of organizations. However, national cultures and organizational cultures have some potential conflicts in multinational companies. Under this circumstance, it is vital to consider which culture is more valuable than the other to the development of the multinational company. With the rapid economic development over the past a few years, multinational companies has become one of the primary forms of corporation. The construction of these companies promotes not only universal economic growth but also the progress of globalization. Meanwhile, in any overseas country, the establishment of multinational companies might confront various challenges like different working habits and culture conflicts. It is comprehensible that employees from diverse culture backgrounds would have different perspectives on organizational culture in multinational companies. In this case, organizational culture is the collection of practices, traditions, customs, beliefs and values shared by one generation of employees of the organization to the next. National cultures must be considered if accurate predictions need to be made regarding corporate behavior in different countries. Thus, due to the existence of difference between organizational culture and national culture, multinational companies could not avoid facing the challenges. Most of the leaders and workers in a multinational enterprise are from different races and countries. It is unavoidable to confront the issues of culture conflicts when employees working in cooperation. Organizational culture affects the attitudes of employees towards treating personal and professional aims, and the performance of employees when accomplishing tasks. Organizational culture also has great influence on how people think and make decisions as well as the way they feel, act and express. Peter and John (2004, p323) suggests that organizational culture could influence particular aspects considerably in organizations like performance and commitment. Organizational cultures also combine with various forms of cultures. For instance, Wallach (1983) viewes three perspectives of organizational culture, that is, innovative, supportive and bureaucratic. Martin (1992) identified three forms of organizational culture, including fragmentation, differentiation and integration. Goffee and Jones (1998) define four types of organizational cultures, which is communal, fragmented, mercenary and networked. However, in a company, individuals have personal values and beliefs as well as personal desires. On that account, the attitude of employees and commitment to the companies may result in diversity of achievements. National cultures also have some effects on the values, beliefs and personal desires. A variety of countries have multifarious national cultures, giving rise to a culture shock in multinational companies. Cross-cultural research shows that significant differences exist in national culture characteristic between western and eastern cultures (Hofstede, 1980, 1991; El Kahal, 2001; Chen, 2001). For instance, it is widely known that bureaucratic traditional deep-rooted culture and high power distance exist in Chinese companies (Pye, 1985; Chen, 2001). The management of firms in the west and east makes a world of difference. The reason for that is the distinction between the impact of national culture on individual worth and how individual worth adapts to the organizational culture. Furthermore, after organizations in Hong Kong are mostly in power by ethnic Chinese, the Chinese-style high power distance and values of Confucian may make significant change of the organizational cultures. Confucian thinks that loyalty, respect of authority and obedience to the leadership may well be the most crucial (Peter John 2004, p323). A typical example is that the owner or supervisor in Korean and Chinese companies often makes major decisions. According to Hofstede (1980), Australia and America are both low power distance countries. People regard participation, equalitarianism and democracy as ubiquitous. However, they do not think authority is worth considering. As for decision making in these countries, there is much more democracy and equality. Furthermore, the more flexible the leaderships are, the further improvement of the enthusiasm, participation, productivity and satisfaction of the employees. It cannot eliminate the presence of bureaucratic structure in western firms, however the aim is to coordinate business of all levels and achieve the goal. The organizational culture of a firm, leadership and work satisfaction may be hypothesized by national cultures. Cultures consist of many distinct layers or types, national cultures and organizational cultures are parts of them. Organizational culture illustrates the value which is superior in a specific corporation. According to the comparison of the national culture and organizational culture, Hofstede (1991) suggests that national cultures normally show the gap in ingrained values of the corresponding cultures. Understanding of national cultures is beneficial to the development of the relationship among employees and employers. This could form a balance condition between the leadership and the staff. However, national cultures always cause misunderstandings and distance in multinational companies. Furthermore, due to unlike values, gaps among variety of national cultures are normally found in business in several multicultural companies. The organizational culture in a multinational company could build a bridge through cultural barriers, although the deep-rooted values among people in multicultural environment may always exist. Namely, perhaps employees from diverse national cultures are able to adjust to the organizational culture, still, the national cultures of their own may also be persistent in their daily life and business practice. This makes it difficult for the company to socialize employees from different cultures when the organizational culture is against their national culture. National culture and organizational culture are correlated with the behavior of employees. The research shows that national culture has a greater impacts on employees than organizational culture (Dols Silvius 2010, p13). This reflects the self-selection which occurs at the recruiting stage. Multinationals utilize employee selection process to recruit applicants who are appropriate for their organizational culture. Accordingly, the knowledge of national culure is indispensable, in particular in forms of accurate forecasting of employee behavior. At this point, if an enterprise plans to securely establish an efficient culure, it should considers both of national culture and organizational culture. In the multinational companies, national culture causes barriers to the diversity of a company. It makes an influence on hiring new employees who are not so fit in a corporate environment in certain country background. Leaders want the new employees to bring different cultures to the workplace whilst being adjustable to the organizational culture. Employees are under considerable pressure to conform strong cultures. The range of styles and values need to be restrained to some extent. With the aid of strong culture, an enterprise can reinforce cultural diversity by seeking their core culture to appeal to new employees. However, if the attraction and encouragement are effective, people who holds different values to the organization might become isolated and accept institutional bias. National culture is a culture related to individuals, it is ones original culture roots deeply into ones mind since one was born. However, organizational culture is created by others and one must adapt to and even affected by, but only on condition that it fits ones national culture. Leadership is the most important aspect to both success and failure of the companies. The form of leadership influences employee job satisfaction and commitment significantly. Peter and John (2004, p324) state that the style of leadership is often connected with low power distance and a flatter corporate construction. However, organizations that from Asia have much concentrated power and, whats more, central decision making and policy driven, which makes the situation that Asian companies are more based on position, authority and seniority. For instance, Chinese top boss always require guarantee as a symbol of loyalty to the organizations. Society in Chinese is defined as personalism (Peter John 2004, p324). That is, the relationship among employees and employers may make influences on employees commitment and their team spirit, also, better relationship between people leads to greater job satisfaction. Asian companies seem to be more ruled by person and relationship among person than other organizations in America that ruled by law, business rules and top bosses. Furthermore, in American organizations, leaderships are low power distance and normalized. Abilities are much more important than peoples relationships. The more consideration the leadership style is, the greater commitment and job satisfaction will be provided. To conclude, both national cultures and organizational cultures are imperative for multinational organizations in contemporary global environment. However, national cultures are more influential and deep-rooted in multinational organizations. Even organizational regulations are imposed according to national culture. Furthermore, with regard to decision-making, relationships between employees and employers are significantly inevitable in up-to-date business market. Organizational culture is the method to make the organization more outstanding in the market competition. However, national culture is related to the origin of organizational culture. Both of them have different value to multinational companies. Consequently, as the report has mentioned, owing to the value and power system of the organization are depended on the national culture national culture has greater influence on managers and employees in multinational companies. To identify the relationship between national culture and organizational culture could adjust the relationship between employees and leadership. Whats more, cooperation could gain more profits through internal personnel system.

Samsung Marketing Plan free essay sample

Samsung Group, was founded in 1938 by Byung-Chull Lee, a celebrated Korean entrepreneur. Lee started a small trading company with a $2,000 nest egg and 40 employees. He called it Samsung, which means three stars in Korean. The company enjoyed moderate growth before the Communist invasion in 1950 forced Lee to abandon his operations in Seoul. Lee established a sugar refinery in 1953, a move that was criticized at the time because sugar could be easily obtained through American aid. But for Lee, the act was important because it was the first manufacturing facility built in South Korea after the Korean War. From sugar, wool, and other commodity businesses, Lee moved into heavier manufacturing. The company prospered under Lees philosophy of making Samsung the leader in each industry he entered. In addition to the electronics division, which is the most profitable and successful one in the world, the company also has forayed into finance, chemicals, retail, and straight-up entertainment all with great degrees of success. We will write a custom essay sample on Samsung Marketing Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The company employs many of South Koreas finest employees, including many with PHD level education. This is not surprising, seeing as the companys assets total somewhere around $300 billion. The company has some of the most loyal employees around and many work every day that means no holiday time off or weekends both because they want to and it is expected. Samsung as A Learning Organization A learning organization have five component of knowledge management, there are : Culture and Trust; Knowledge Worker; Supporting Facilities;